Showing papers on "Vigilance (psychology) published in 2015"
TL;DR: Functional connectivity in 68 healthy young adult participants in rested wakefulness and following a night of total sleep deprivation was comparable across resilient and vulnerable groups despite prominent state-related changes in both groups.
227 citations
01 Jan 2015
143 citations
TL;DR: The results show that fatigue can occur without active task engagement, but future studies have to clarify the consequences in terms of reactions to critical events.
138 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest the vigilance decrement is due to the repeated use of particular executive resources, but there may, in addition be domain specific interference when the primary task and activities during a break make use of the same resources.
101 citations
TL;DR: Vigilance coping mediates the link between discrimination and stress, and stress has consequences for health outcomes resulting from discrimination, according to this study.
Abstract: Objective: Daily events of discrimination are important factors in understanding health disparities. Vigilant coping, or protecting against anticipated discrimination by monitoring and modifying behaviour, is an understudied mechanism that may link discrimination and health outcomes. This study investigates how responding to everyday discrimination with anticipatory vigilance relates to the health of Black men and women.Methods: Black adults (N = 221) from the Detroit area completed measures of discrimination, adverse life events, vigilance coping, stress, depressive symptoms and self-reported health.Results: Vigilance coping strategies mediated the relationship between discrimination and stress. Multi-group path analysis revealed that stress in turn was associated with increased depression in men and women. Self-reported health consequences of stress differed between men and women.Conclusions: Vigilance coping mediates the link between discrimination and stress, and stress has consequences for health out...
96 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that fatigue is an internal state that can be measured behaviorally only by applying specific cognitive tasks, and only tasks assessing alerting/vigilance are strongly related to fatigue.
Abstract: The compensatory approach of fatigue argues that it is a state caused by task load. The neuropsychiatric approach argues that fatigue is a trait (like depression), unrelated to environmental challenges. We propose that fatigue is an internal state that can be measured behaviorally only by applying specific cognitive tasks. PubMed was searched for articles concerning the relation between fatigue and cognitive performance or brain atrophy or functional MRI, distinguishing between the following cognitive domains: learning/memory, cognitive speed/selective attention, language, visuospatial processing, working memory, alerting/vigilance. Only tasks assessing alerting/vigilance are strongly related to fatigue. Areas with brain atrophy in fatigue patients overlap with brain regions activated in healthy controls performing alerting/vigilance tasks. Fatigue is not a compensatory state, nor a psychogenic trait. It is a feeling with behavioral effects that seems to be caused by brain atrophy or a neurochemical dysfunction of the alerting/vigilance system.
75 citations
TL;DR: This study proposed a perceptual function integration system which used spectral features from multiple independent brain sources for application to recognize the driver's vigilance state and showed a robust and improved accuracy as much as 88% higher than any of results performed by a single-source approach.
Abstract: Drowsy driving is among the most critical causes of fatal crashes. Thus, the development of an effective algorithm for detecting a driver's cognitive state demands immediate attention. For decades, studies have observed clear evidence using electroencephalography that the brain's rhythmic activities fluctuate from alertness to drowsiness. Recognition of this physiological signal is the major consideration of neural engineering for designing a feasible countermeasure. This study proposed a perceptual function integration system which used spectral features from multiple independent brain sources for application to recognize the driver's vigilance state. The analysis of brain spectral dynamics demonstrated physiological evidenced that the activities of the multiple cortical sources were highly related to the changes of the vigilance state. The system performances showed a robust and improved accuracy as much as 88% higher than any of results performed by a single-source approach.
75 citations
TL;DR: A total daily dose of 800 mg caffeine during successive overnight periods of wakefulness is an effective strategy to maintain cognitive function when optimal sleep periods during the day are not available.
Abstract: Rationale
Various occupational groups are required to maintain optimal physical and cognitive function during overnight periods of wakefulness, often with less than optimal sleep. Strategies are required to help mitigate the impairments in cognitive function to help sustain workplace safety and productivity.
72 citations
TL;DR: The findings suggest that engagement of the emotional circuitry of the brain is important for interpretation of dyspnea-related cues in COPD and is influenced by depression, fatigue, and vigilance.
70 citations
TL;DR: This work contends on a theoretical level that the metrics employed to measure observer sensitivity in modern vigilance tasks (derived from signal detection theory) are inappropriate and largely uninterpretable and presents the results of an experiment that demonstrates that shifts in response bias over time can masquerade as a loss in sensitivity.
Abstract: It is well known that when human observers must monitor for rare but critical events, probability of detection tends to wane over time, a phenomenon known as the "vigilance decrement." Over 60 years of empirical study on this topic has culminated in the general consensus that performance suffers due to a loss in observers' ability to distinguish signal from noise (a loss in sensitivity) provided that the task loads memory and stimuli are presented at a relatively high rate. We challenge this assertion on 2 fronts: First, we contend on a theoretical level that the metrics employed to measure observer sensitivity in modern vigilance tasks (derived from signal detection theory) are inappropriate and largely uninterpretable. This contention is supported by an evaluation of recent empirical work in the vigilance domain. Second, we present the results of an experiment that demonstrates that shifts in response bias (the observer's "willingness to respond") over time can masquerade as a loss in sensitivity. Consequently, the basic underlying cause of the vigilance decrement is actually unclear, and may simply reflect a shift in response criterion rather than sensitivity. The theoretical, as well as practical implications of these conclusions are discussed with respect to sustained attention in general, and vigilance in particular. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en
66 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that CPT deficits in schizophrenia can be reliably detected across sites, are relatively independent of current symptom severity, and are related to functional capacity.
TL;DR: Results support the important role of both task-positive and task-negative networks in mediating TOT effects and suggest that spontaneous activity measured by resting-state BOLD fMRI may be a marker of mental fatigue.
TL;DR: Results show that the couplings between pairs of frontal, central, and parietal areas increased at the intermediate level of vigilance, which suggests that an enhancement of the cortico-cortical interaction is necessary to maintain the task performance and prevent behavioral lapses.
Abstract: Drowsy driving is a major cause of automobile accidents. Previous studies used neuroimaging based approaches such as analysis of electroencephalogram (EEG) activities to understand the brain dynamics of different cortical regions during drowsy driving. However, the coupling between brain regions responding to this vigilance change is still unclear. To have a comprehensive understanding of neural mechanisms underlying drowsy driving, in this study we use transfer entropy, a model-free measure of effective connectivity based on information theory. We investigate the pattern of information transfer between brain regions when the vigilance level, which is derived from the driving performance, changes from alertness to drowsiness. Results show that the couplings between pairs of frontal, central, and parietal areas increased at the intermediate level of vigilance, which suggests that an enhancement of the cortico-cortical interaction is necessary to maintain the task performance and prevent behavioral lapses. Additionally, the occipital-related connectivity magnitudes monotonically decreases as the vigilance level declines, which further supports the cortical gating of sensory stimuli during drowsiness. Neurophysiological evidence of mutual relationships between brain regions measured by transfer entropy might enhance the understanding of cortico-cortical communication during drowsy driving.
TL;DR: Findings may provide proof for such a view: heat stress has a potential fatigue-enhancing effect when individual is performing highly cognition-demanding attention task.
TL;DR: The hypothesis that higher task complexity leads to a chronotype-dependent increase in thalamic and frontal brain activity, permitting stabilization of working memory performance across the day is supported.
Abstract: Morning type individuals experience more difficulties to maintain optimal attentional performance throughout a normal waking day than evening types. However, time-of-day modulations may differ across cognitive domains. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated how chronotype and time of day interact with working memory at different levels of cognitive load/complexity in a N-back paradigm (N0-, N2- and N3-back levels). Extreme morning and evening type individuals underwent 2 fMRI sessions during N-back performance, one 1.5 h (morning) and one 10.5 h (evening) after wake-up time scheduled according to their habitual sleep-wake preference. At the behavioural level, increasing working memory load resulted in lower accuracy, while chronotype and time of day only exerted a marginal impact on performance. Analyses of neuroimaging data disclosed an interaction between chronotype, time of day and the modulation of cerebral activity by working memory load in the thalamus and in the middle frontal cortex. In the subjective evening hours, evening types exhibited higher thalamic activity than morning types at the highest working memory load condition only (N3-back). Conversely, morning type individuals exhibited higher activity than evening type participants in the middle frontal gyrus during the morning session in the N3-back condition. Our data emphasize inter-individual differences in time-of-day preferences and underlying cerebral activity, which should be taken into account when investigating vigilance state effects in task-related brain activity. These results support the hypothesis that higher task complexity leads to a chronotype-dependent increase in thalamic and frontal brain activity, permitting stabilization of working memory performance across the day.
TL;DR: A computer-based algorithm (Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig) has been introduced, allowing classification of EEG vigilance stages in EEG recordings under resting conditions, and helps to explain and possibly also predict treatment effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for these conditions.
Abstract: During the last few decades, much knowledge has been gained about sleep being a heterogeneous condition with several distinct sleep stages that represent fundamentally different physiological states. The same applies for the wake state which also comprises distinct global functional states (called vigilance stages). However, various terms and concepts have been introduced describing different aspects of wakefulness, and accordingly several methods of assessment exist, e.g. sleep laboratory assessments (Multiple Sleep Latency Test, Maintenance of Wakefulness Test), questionnaires (Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale), behavioural tasks (Psychomotor Vigilance Test) or electroencephalography (EEG)-based assessments (Alpha Attenuation Test, Karolinska Drowsiness Test). Furthermore, several theoretical concepts about the regulation of sleep and wakefulness have been put forward, and physiological correlates have been identified. Most relevant for healthy functioning is the regulation of brain arousal and the adaption of wakefulness to the environmental and situational needs so that the optimal balance between energy conservation and responsiveness can be obtained. Since one approach to the assessment of brain arousal regulation is the classification of EEG vigilance stages, a computer-based algorithm (Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig) has been introduced, allowing classification of EEG vigilance stages in EEG recordings under resting conditions. The time course of EEG vigilance stages in EEGs of 15-20 min duration allows estimation of the individual arousal regulation (hyperstable, adaptive, or unstable vigilance pattern). The vigilance model of affective disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder links a disturbed arousal regulation to the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders and accordingly helps to explain and possibly also predict treatment effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for these conditions.
TL;DR: Evidence is provided for a role of TNFα in the effects of sleep deprivation on psychomotor vigilance performance and the TNF α G308A polymorphism may have predictive potential in a biomarker panel for the assessment of resilience to psychom motor vigilance performance impairment due to sleep deprivation.
Abstract: Cytokines such as TNFα play an integral role in sleep/wake regulation and have recently been hypothesized to be involved in cognitive impairment due to sleep deprivation. We examined the effect of a guanine to adenine substitution at position 308 in the TNFα gene (TNFα G308A) on psychomotor vigilance performance impairment during total sleep deprivation. A total of 88 healthy women and men (ages 22-40) participated in one of five laboratory total sleep deprivation experiments. Performance on a psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) was measured every 2-3h. The TNFα 308A allele, which is less common than the 308G allele, was associated with greater resilience to psychomotor vigilance performance impairment during total sleep deprivation (regardless of time of day), and also provided a small performance benefit at baseline. The effect of genotype on resilience persisted when controlling for between-subjects differences in age, gender, race/ethnicity, and baseline sleep duration. The TNFα G308A polymorphism predicted less than 10% of the overall between-subjects variance in performance impairment during sleep deprivation. Nonetheless, the differential effect of the polymorphism at the peak of performance impairment was more than 50% of median performance impairment at that time, which is sizeable compared to the effects of other genotypes reported in the literature. Our findings provided evidence for a role of TNFα in the effects of sleep deprivation on psychomotor vigilance performance. Furthermore, the TNFα G308A polymorphism may have predictive potential in a biomarker panel for the assessment of resilience to psychomotor vigilance performance impairment due to sleep deprivation. Language: en
TL;DR: The vigilance‐(attentional) avoidance hypothesis (VAH) was tested for pain‐associated stimuli, i.e., faces displaying pain, using the method of eye‐tracking in a pain‐free sample.
TL;DR: Results disclosed that sleep deprivation selectively impairs top–down adaptation mechanisms: cognitive control no longer increased upon detection of response conflict at the preceding trial, and bottom–up abilities were found unaffected by sleep deprivation.
Abstract: Sleep deprivation is known to exert detrimental effects on various cognitive domains, including attention, vigilance and working memory. Seemingly at odds with these findings, prior studies repeatedly failed to evidence an impact of prior sleep deprivation on cognitive interference in the Stroop test, a hallmark paradigm in the study of cognitive control abilities. The present study investigated further the effect of sleep deprivation on cognitive control using an adapted version of the Stroop test that allows to segregate top-down (attentional reconfiguration on incongruent items) and bottom-up (facilitated processing after repetitions in responses and/or features of stimuli) components of performance. Participants underwent a regular night of sleep or a night of total sleep deprivation before cognitive testing. Results disclosed that sleep deprivation selectively impairs top-down adaptation mechanisms: cognitive control no longer increased upon detection of response conflict at the preceding trial. In parallel, bottom-up abilities were found unaffected by sleep deprivation: beneficial effects of stimulus and response repetitions persisted. Changes in vigilance states due to sleep deprivation selectively impact on cognitive control in the Stroop test by affecting top-down, but not bottom-up, mechanisms that guide adaptive behaviours.
TL;DR: placebo manipulation consistently reduced vigilance measured in terms of undifferentiated reactivity to salient cues and tonic arousal, indicating a downregulation of sustained anxiety rather than phasic fear.
Abstract: The beneficial effects of placebo treatments on fear and anxiety (placebo anxiolysis) are well known from clinical practice, and there is strong evidence indicating a contribution of treatment expectations to the efficacy of anxiolytic drugs. Although clinically highly relevant, the neural mechanisms underlying placebo anxiolysis are poorly understood. In two studies in humans, we tested whether the administration of an inactive treatment along with verbal suggestions of anxiolysis can attenuate experimentally induced states of phasic fear and/or sustained anxiety. Phasic fear is the response to a well defined threat and includes attentional focusing on the source of threat and concomitant phasic increases of autonomic arousal, whereas in sustained states of anxiety potential and unclear danger requires vigilant scanning of the environment and elevated tonic arousal levels. Our placebo manipulation consistently reduced vigilance measured in terms of undifferentiated reactivity to salient cues (indexed by subjective ratings, skin conductance responses and EEG event-related potentials) and tonic arousal [indexed by cue-unrelated skin conductance levels and enhanced EEG alpha (8–12 Hz) activity], indicating a downregulation of sustained anxiety rather than phasic fear. We also observed a placebo-dependent sustained increase of frontal midline EEG theta (4–7 Hz) power and frontoposterior theta coupling, suggesting the recruitment of frontally based cognitive control functions. Our results thus support the crucial role of treatment expectations in placebo anxiolysis and provide insight into the underlying neural mechanisms.
TL;DR: It is suggested that “sleep gain” during a daytime sleep opportunity had significant positive impact on working memory performance, without affecting subsequent nighttime sleep in young adult, and such impact was associated with the duration of REM.
Abstract: The main objective was to study the impact of a daytime sleep opportunity on working memory and the mechanism behind such impact. This study adopted an experimental design in a sleep research laboratory. Eighty healthy college students (Age:17-23, 36 males) were randomized to either have a polysomnography-monitored daytime sleep opportunity (Nap-group, n=40) or stay awake (Wake-group, n=40) between the two assessment sessions. All participants completed a sleep diary and wore an actigraph-watch for 5 days before and one day after the assessment sessions. They completed the state-measurement of sleepiness and affect, in addition to a psychomotor vigilance test and a working memory task before and after the nap/wake sessions. The two groups did not differ in their sleep characteristics prior to and after the lab visit. The Nap-group had higher accuracy on the working memory task, fewer lapses on the psychomotor vigilance test and lower state-sleepiness than the Wake-group. Within the Nap-group, working memory accuracy was positively correlated with duration of rapid eye movement sleep (REM) and total sleep time during the nap. Our findings suggested that “sleep gain” during a daytime sleep opportunity had significant positive impact on working memory performance, without affecting subsequent nighttime sleep in young adult, and such impact was associated with the duration of REM. While REM abnormality has long been noted in pathological conditions (e.g. depression), which are also presented with cognitive dysfunctions (e.g. working memory deficits), this was the first evidence showing working memory enhancement associated with REM in daytime napping in college students, who likely had habitual short sleep duration but were otherwise generally healthy.
TL;DR: A rest break can restore performance in auditory and visual vigilance tasks and the effects of the intervention of a rest break on the perceived mental workload of auditory andVisual vigilance tasks are explored.
Abstract: Objective:Performance and mental workload were observed for the administration of a rest break or exogenous vibrotactile signals in auditory and visual monitoring tasks.Background:Sustained attention is mentally demanding. Techniques are required to improve observer performance in vigilance tasks.Method:Participants (N = 150) monitored an auditory or a visual display for changes in signal duration in a 40-min watch. During the watch, participants were administered a rest break or exogenous vibrotactile signals.Results:Detection accuracy was significantly greater in the auditory than in the visual modality. A short rest break restored detection accuracy in both sensory modalities following deterioration in performance. Participants experienced significantly lower mental workload when monitoring auditory than visual signals, and a rest break significantly reduced mental workload in both sensory modalities. Exogenous vibrotactile signals had no beneficial effects on performance, or mental workload.Conclusion...
TL;DR: The results indicate that performance in an attention-demanding temporal discrimination task was superior in individuals with extensive music training, and it is speculated that this basic cognitive ability may contribute to advantages that musicians show in other cognitive measures.
TL;DR: The results of the study confirm that people with ADHD show deficits in auditory vigilance tests and become less careful when interference is introduced.
Abstract: Objective: Deficits in ADHD executive function (EF) task have been widely documented in a number of different studies. The aim of this work is to analyze the characteristics of auditory vigilance i...
06 Oct 2015
TL;DR: The Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig (VIGALL 2.0) as mentioned in this paper automatically attributes one out of seven vigilance stages to each EEG segment (1-sec EEG segments by default), ranging from high alertness (stage 0), to relaxed wakefulness (stage A1 to A3), to drowsiness (stage B1 to B2/3) up to sleep onset (stage C).
Abstract: Different levels of brain arousal can be delineated not only during sleep but also during wakefulness. Electroencephalography (EEG) is the gold standard to assess different levels of brain arousal. A novel EEG- and electrooculography (EOG)-based tool, the Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig (VIGALL 2.0), allows determining the level of EEG-vigilance (indicating brain arousal). Considering the frequency patterns and LORETA-based cortical distribution of electroencephalic activity, VIGALL 2.0 automatically attributes one out of seven vigilance stages to each EEG segment (1-sec EEG segments by default), ranging from high alertness (stage 0), to relaxed wakefulness (stage A1 to A3), to drowsiness (stage B1 to B2/3) up to sleep onset (stage C). Building on the time series of these seven vigilance stages across 20 min, two parameterizations of the temporal dynamic (brain arousal regulation) are calculated: the lability score and the slope index. 27 healthy participants (age = 22.93 ± 3.44 years, 18 females) underwent two sessions (7 days apart) of a twenty-minute eyes-closed resting EEG paradigm. The test-retest reliability coefficients for the EEG-vigilance stages were between rho = .53 and .86 (all p < .01). For the temporal dynamic of the stages across 20 min, the test-retest reliability coefficients were rho = .70 (lability score, p < .001) and .71 (slope index, p < .001). This study demonstrated some trait aspects of brain arousal regulation by confirming the stability of temporal dynamic of EEG-vigilance stages as assessed with VIGALL 2.0. Considering the “first day in lab” effect identified in the present study, more adaptation to the lab surrounding and a stricter control of other state factors should be taken into account, which might improve reliability. Additionally, in a clinical context, a broader range of brain arousal regulation patterns might be found, possibly leading to higher test-retest reliability than was found in this homogenous healthy sample. This would be desirable, as parameters of brain arousal regulation are promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for diseases with arousal disturbances, such as affective disorders, ADHD and fatigue.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the brain is endowed with an intrinsic functional organization to support attention, not only in its global function, but also in its distinct components.
TL;DR: Cross-study comparisons suggested that the combination of MPH and reinforcement eliminated the vigilance deficit in children with ADHD, normalizing sustained attention.
Abstract: Sustained attention and reinforcement are posited as causal mechanisms in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), but their interaction has received little empirical study. In two studies, we examined the impact of performance-based reinforcement on sustained attention over time, or vigilance, among 9- to 12-year-old children. Study 1 demonstrated the expected vigilance deficit among children with ADHD (n = 25; 12% female) compared to typically developing (TD) controls (n = 33; 22% female) on a standard continuous performance task (CPT). During a subsequent visit, reinforcement improved attention more among children with ADHD than controls. Study 2 examined the separate and combined effects of reinforcement and acute methylphenidate (MPH) on CPT performance in children with ADHD (n = 19; 21% female). Both reinforcement and MPH enhanced overall target detection and attenuated the vigilance decrement that occurred in no-reinforcement, placebo condition. Cross-study comparisons suggested that the combination of MPH and reinforcement eliminated the vigilance deficit in children with ADHD, normalizing sustained attention. This work highlights the clinically and theoretically interesting intersection of reinforcement and sustained attention.
TL;DR: This is the first study to use the translational 5C-CPT to model the adult ADHD-C subtype in rats and to study new targets in this model, finding D4 and COMT are emerging as important potential therapeutic targets in adult ADHD that warrant further investigation.
TL;DR: Different neural response and functional connectivity within fronto-limbic and occipito-parietal regions during emotional face processing and enhanced fear vigilance may be key endophenotypes for depression.
Abstract: Background Negative cognitive bias and aberrant neural processing of emotional faces are trait-marks of depression. Yet it is unclear whether these changes constitute an endophenotype for depression and are also present in healthy individuals with hereditary risk for depression. Method Thirty healthy, never-depressed monozygotic (MZ) twins with a co-twin history of depression (high risk group: n = 13) or without co-twin history of depression (low-risk group: n = 17) were enrolled in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. During fMRI, participants viewed fearful and happy faces while performing a gender discrimination task. After the scan, they were given a faces dot-probe task, a facial expression recognition task and questionnaires assessing mood, personality traits and coping strategies. Results High-risk twins showed increased neural response to happy and fearful faces in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), pre-supplementary motor area and occipito-parietal regions compared to low-risk twins. They also displayed stronger negative coupling between amygdala and pregenual ACC, dmPFC and temporo-parietal regions during emotional face processing. These task-related changes in neural responses in high-risk twins were accompanied by impaired gender discrimination performance during face processing. They also displayed increased attention vigilance for fearful faces and were slower at recognizing facial expressions relative to low-risk controls. These effects occurred in the absence of differences between groups in mood, subjective state or coping. Conclusions Different neural response and functional connectivity within fronto-limbic and occipito-parietal regions during emotional face processing and enhanced fear vigilance may be key endophenotypes for depression.