Showing papers by "James N. Galloway published in 2008"
TL;DR: Optimizing the need for a key human resource while minimizing its negative consequences requires an integrated interdisciplinary approach and the development of strategies to decrease nitrogen-containing waste.
Abstract: Humans continue to transform the global nitrogen cycle at a record pace, reflecting an increased combustion of fossil fuels, growing demand for nitrogen in agriculture and industry, and pervasive inefficiencies in its use. Much anthropogenic nitrogen is lost to air, water, and land to cause a cascade of environmental and human health problems. Simultaneously, food production in some parts of the world is nitrogen-deficient, highlighting inequities in the distribution of nitrogen-containing fertilizers. Optimizing the need for a key human resource while minimizing its negative consequences requires an integrated interdisciplinary approach and the development of strategies to decrease nitrogen-containing waste.
5,249 citations
TL;DR: On 13 October 1908, Fritz Haber filed his patent on the "synthesis of ammonia from its elements" for which he was later awarded the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: On 13 October 1908, Fritz Haber filed his patent on the "synthesis of ammonia from its elements" for which he was later awarded the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. A hundred years on we live in a world transformed by and highly dependent upon Haber–Bosch nitrogen.
2,733 citations
TL;DR: With humans having an increasing impact on the planet, the interactions between the nitrogen cycle, the carbon cycle and climate are expected to become an increasingly important determinant of the Earth system.
Abstract: With humans having an increasing impact on the planet, the interactions between the nitrogen cycle, the carbon cycle and climate are expected to become an increasingly important determinant of the Earth system.
2,668 citations
Texas A&M University1, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology2, Rutgers University3, Stanford University4, University of East Anglia5, University of Southern California6, University of Virginia7, University of Essex8, Max Planck Society9, Ocean University of China10, World Meteorological Organization11, University of Victoria12, University of Miami13, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research14, Aarhus University15, University of Tokyo16, University of Concepción17, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research18, Princeton University19
TL;DR: Although ∼10% of the ocean's drawdown of atmospheric anthropogenic carbon dioxide may result from this atmospheric nitrogen fertilization, leading to a decrease in radiative forcing, up to about two-thirds of this amount may be offset by the increase in N2O emissions.
Abstract: Increasing quantities of atmospheric anthropogenic fixed nitrogen entering the open ocean could account for up to about a third of the ocean's external (nonrecycled) nitrogen supply and up to 3% of the annual new marine biological production, 0.3 petagram of carbon per year. This input could account for the production of up to 1.6 teragrams of nitrous oxide (N2O) per year. Although 10% of the ocean's drawdown of atmospheric anthropogenic carbon dioxide may result from this atmospheric nitrogen fertilization, leading to a decrease in radiative forcing, up to about two-thirds of this amount may be offset by the increase in N2O emissions. The effects of increasing atmospheric nitrogen deposition are expected to continue to grow in the future.
951 citations
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science1, University of the Philippines2, Griffith University3, University of Tokyo4, Sultan Qaboos University5, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research6, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution7, Monash University8, Stanford University9, University of Miami10, College of William & Mary11, University of Adelaide12, North Carolina State University13, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research14, San Francisco State University15, Stony Brook University16, University of Montpellier17, University of Technology, Sydney18, Hobart and William Smith Colleges19, Australian Institute of Marine Science20, University of Virginia21, Linnaeus University22, University of Tasmania23, Washington State University Vancouver24, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology25, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission26, James Cook University27, Cornell University28, Pukyong National University29, University of California, Santa Cruz30, University of North Carolina at Wilmington31, Old Dominion University32, University of Sydney33, Jinan University34, National University of Ireland, Galway35, Rutgers University36, Gallaudet University37, The Nature Conservancy38, State Oceanic Administration39
TL;DR: The proposed plan for enrichment of the Sulu Sea, Philippines, with thousands of tonnes of urea in order to stimulate algal blooms and sequester carbon is flawed for multiple reasons, and the environmental and economic impacts are potentially great and need to be rigorously assessed.
68 citations
Journal Article•
Abstract: Reactive nitrogen (Nr) includes the inorganic (NH 3 , NH + 4 , NO x , HNO 3 , N 2 O, NO - 3 ) and organic forms (urea, amines, proteins, nucleic acids) that readily participate in various reactions of the global N cycle. Over the last half a century, anthropogenic perturbations of the natural N cycle have led to the increasing accumulation of inorganic Nr in the soil, water and air, intentionally through agriculture and unintentionally through fossil-fuel consumption and other activities, adversely affecting human health, biodiversity, environment and climate change. One of the major emerging challenges of this century will be to ensure adequate availability of Nr inputs for agriculture and other activities, while preventing their unwanted accumulation. This article provides an overall perspective of the emerging issues related to Nr in the global, Asian and Indian contexts.
39 citations
TL;DR: A global challenge is to implement growth scenarios that will not limit the ability of the Asian population to attain a higher standard of living, but, on the other hand, will not result in a continued degradation of the environments within Asia as well as downwind and downstream of Asia.
Abstract: More than 10,000 years ago, humans began an experiment on the environmental consequences of resource use. The environmental changes were at first local. By 6000 years ago, the consequences had begun to be manifested at the regional and global scales. At the beginning of the experiment, Asia played a founding role. Populations were centered there, and agriculture and associated land-use change began there. Now Asia, with 60% of the world's population, is rapidly growing in terms of both population and economic development. Over the next few decades, population growth will slow, but economic growth will continue, resulting in large-scale losses of S, C, and N compounds to the atmosphere. A global challenge is to implement growth scenarios that, on one hand, will not limit the ability of the Asian population to attain a higher standard of living, but, on the other hand, will not result in a continued degradation of the environments within Asia as well as downwind and downstream of Asia.
26 citations