다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

RNA interference (RNAi) is the process of sequence-specific, post-transcriptional gene silencing in animals and plants, initiated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that is homologous in sequence to the silenced gene. The mediators of sequence-specific messenger RNA degradation are 21- and 22-nucleotide small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) generated by ribonuclease III cleavage from longer dsRNAs. Here we show that 21-nucleotide siRNA duplexes specifically suppress expression of endogenous and heterologous genes in different mammalian cell lines, including human embryonic kidney (293) and HeLa cells. Therefore, 21-nucleotide siRNA duplexes provide a new tool for studying gene function in mammalian cells and may eventually be used as gene-specific therapeutics.

Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells

Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

http://www.cell.com/article/S221112472300668X/pdf

A structural blueprint for interleukin-21 signal modulation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the importance of the discovery of first T cell receptor gene. By the early 1970s, it was clear that lymphocytes could be subdivided into two categories: B cells that bear cell surface immunoglobulins (Ig) and can be turned into antibody secreting factories; and T cells, a much more mysterious category, that were primarily responsible for phenomena such as delayed type hypersensitivity, B cell “help,” and graft rejection. Both B and T lymphocytes seemed capable of antigen recognition and a particularly sensational aspect of the T cell version was that at least some T cells required both a specific antigen and a particular major histocompatibility cell type simultaneously. A consensus in favor of a one-receptor model was reformed where a single site could recognize both antigen and major histocompatibility cell simultaneously. Also, the virtue of having a gene gives many lines of attack not available to those working the antibody–protein angle.

Tracking an Imaginary Monster: Isolating T Cell Receptor Genes

The response of gamma delta (γδ) T cells in the acute versus chronic phases of the same infection is unclear. How γδ T cells function in acute Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is well characterized, but their response during persistent Mtb infection is not well understood, even though most infections with Mtb manifest as a chronic, clinically asymptomatic state. Here, we analyze peripheral blood γδ T cells from a South African adolescent cohort and show that a unique CD8+ γδ T cell subset with features of “memory inflation” expands in chronic Mtb infection. These cells are hyporesponsive to T cell receptor (TCR)–mediated signaling but, like NK cells, can mount robust CD16-mediated cytotoxic responses. These CD8+ γδ T cells comprise a highly focused TCR repertoire, with clonotypes that are Mycobacterium specific but not phosphoantigen reactive. Using multiparametric single-cell pseudo-time trajectory analysis, we identified the differentiation paths that these CD8+ γδ T cells follow to develop into effectors in this infection state. Last, we found that circulating CD8+ γδ T cells also expand in other chronic inflammatory conditions, including cardiovascular disease and cancer, suggesting that persistent antigenic exposure may drive similar γδ T cell effector programs and differentiation fates. Description Antigen-driven expansion of CD8+ γδ T cells mediate NK-like functions in persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. A chronic identity shift Acute versus chronic stage-specific γδ T cell responses to the same infection are not well-defined. Active Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is known to induce phosphoantigen-reactive effector γδ T cells. In this study, Roy Chowdhury et al. studied γδ T cells in a cohort of South African adolescents with persistent or controlled Mtb infection. They identified an expanded population of CD8+ γδ T cells with NK-cell–like features . These cells had a focused TCR repertoire and were reactive to Mtb antigens. They were hyporesponsive to TCR-mediated activation but exhibited effective cytotoxic responses downstream of CD16. CD8+ γδ T cells were also expanded in other chronic inflammatory conditions with diverse etiologies. Together these findings identify CD8+ γδ T cells as a common feature of chronic infection and inflammation in humans. —HMI

NK-like CD8+ γδ T cells are expanded in persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

On prevoit des sequences d'oligonucleotides codant pour les recepteurs d'antigenes specifiques de lymphocytes T ou des fragments de ceux-ci. Les sequences d'oligonucleotides peuvent etre utilisees comme sondes pour la detection de lymphocytes cytotoxiques et ogliaires, la preparation et l'isolation de sequences d'ADN codant pour le polypeptide du recepteur et en groupes pour l'expression de polypeptides des recepteurs ou de fragments de ceux-ci. En outre, des signaux de traitement provenant des sous-unites du recepteur peuvent etre utilises de concert avec des sequences d'oligonucleotides modifiees de type sauvage ou des sequences d'oligonucleotides de type non-sauvage.

Recepteur de lymphocyte specifique pour des polypeptides d'antigenes et polynucleotides apparentes

Much progress has now been made in terms of identifying and characterizing the molecules important in T cell recognition, both receptors and ligands. Many issues remain unresolved, however, among these are: how and on what basis T cell receptors are selected in the thymus? and the precise nature of the T cell receptor-antigen-MHC recognition event. Towards addressing these issues we have developed two types of experimental systems. The first involves mice transgenic for specific T cell receptor genes crossed onto different MHC backgrounds. With suitable serological probes we can follow the expression of both α and β chains and the progress (or lack thereof) of T cells bearing these receptors in the animal. Together with the work of von Boehmer and colleagues and Loh and colleagues (this volume) the results of these studies give us some very clear ideas about the reality and efficiency of both positive and negative selection in the thymus. In addition, these transgenic systems should make possible the biochemical characterization of these phenomenon in the near future.

Mark M. Davis

Papers

A structural blueprint for interleukin-21 signal modulation

Tracking an Imaginary Monster: Isolating T Cell Receptor Genes

NK-like CD8+ γδ T cells are expanded in persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Recepteur de lymphocyte specifique pour des polypeptides d'antigenes et polynucleotides apparentes

Selection of an αβ T Cell Antigen Receptor In Vivo and Engineering a Solulizable Form