다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

RNA interference (RNAi) is the process of sequence-specific, post-transcriptional gene silencing in animals and plants, initiated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that is homologous in sequence to the silenced gene. The mediators of sequence-specific messenger RNA degradation are 21- and 22-nucleotide small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) generated by ribonuclease III cleavage from longer dsRNAs. Here we show that 21-nucleotide siRNA duplexes specifically suppress expression of endogenous and heterologous genes in different mammalian cell lines, including human embryonic kidney (293) and HeLa cells. Therefore, 21-nucleotide siRNA duplexes provide a new tool for studying gene function in mammalian cells and may eventually be used as gene-specific therapeutics.

Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells

Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

Abelson leukemia virus (A-MuLV)isanoncogenic murineretrovirus whosegenomecontains sequences homologous tothose ofanormal cellular gene, c-abl. Ithasbeendemonstrated tocause rapid transformation ofseveral cell types, including pre-B lymphocytes, macrophages, andfibroblasts. Morerecently, A-MuLVhas beenreported toinduce thymic tumors inamousestrain (C57BL/Ka) previously thought toberesistant to disease induction.We showed that themasses occurring after intrathymic injection ofthevirus werecomposed oflymphocytes ofapreviously described immature T-cell phenotype. Thisphenotype hasbeendefined hereby flowcytometry of10primary tumorsamples stained withantibodies toseveral thymocyte differentiation antigens. Hybridization ofDNAsfromthese tumors withv-abl, immunoglobulin FL, andT-cell antigen receptor beta-chain probes confirmed theT-lymphoid, polyclonal nature oftheprimary tumorcells. Theprimary tumors weremalignant, asclearly shownbyreinjection into Thy-congenic hostanimals. Further, fourThyinvitro cell lines derived fromthree tumors differed fromthemajority ofprimary tumorcells andweresimilar topreviously described A-MuLV-transformed pre-B cells. Theconsistent T-lymphoid phenotype exhibited by primary A-MuLVthymomas mayrepresent onestage ofnormal thymocyte differentiation.

Transformation ofT-Lymphoid Cells byAbelson Murine Leukemia Virus

The antiviral response to influenza virus is complex and multifaceted, involving many immune cell subsets. There is an urgent need to understand the role of CD4+ T cells, which orchestrate an effective antiviral response, to improve vaccine design strategies. In this study, we analyzed PBMCs from human participants immunized with influenza vaccine, using high-dimensional single-cell proteomic immune profiling by mass cytometry. Data were analyzed using a novel clustering algorithm, denoised ragged pruning, to define possible influenza virus-specific clusters of CD4+ T cells. Denoised ragged pruning identified six clusters of cells. Among these, one cluster (Cluster 3) was found to increase in abundance following stimulation with influenza virus peptide ex vivo. A separate cluster (Cluster 4) was found to expand in abundance between days 0 and 7 postvaccination, indicating that it is vaccine responsive. We examined the expression profiles of all six clusters to characterize their lineage, functionality, and possible role in the response to influenza vaccine. Clusters 3 and 4 consisted of effector memory cells, with high CD154 expression. Cluster 3 expressed cytokines like IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, whereas Cluster 4 expressed IL-17. Interestingly, some participants had low abundance of Clusters 3 and 4, whereas others had higher abundance of one of these clusters compared with the other. Taken together, we present an approach for identifying novel influenza virus-reactive CD4+ T cell subsets, a method that could help advance understanding of the immune response to influenza, predict responsiveness to vaccines, and aid in better vaccine design.

https://www.immunohorizons.org/content/immunohorizon/4/12/774.full.pdf

Mass Cytometry Defines Virus-Specific CD4+ T Cells in Influenza Vaccination.

In Praise of Descriptive Science: A Breath of Fresh AIRE

Erratum: Apoptosis and other immune biomarkers predict influenza vaccine responsiveness (Molecular Systems Biology (2013) 9 (659) DOI: 10.1038/msb.2013.15)

The long-term safety of pegylated recombinant methionyl human soluble tumor necrosis factor type i (peg stnf-ri): an extension study for rheumatoid arthritis patients completing previous peg stnf-ri clinical studies.

Mark M. Davis

Papers

Transformation ofT-Lymphoid Cells byAbelson Murine Leukemia Virus

Mass Cytometry Defines Virus-Specific CD4+ T Cells in Influenza Vaccination.

In Praise of Descriptive Science: A Breath of Fresh AIRE

Erratum: Apoptosis and other immune biomarkers predict influenza vaccine responsiveness (Molecular Systems Biology (2013) 9 (659) DOI: 10.1038/msb.2013.15)

The long-term safety of pegylated recombinant methionyl human soluble tumor necrosis factor type i (peg stnf-ri): an extension study for rheumatoid arthritis patients completing previous peg stnf-ri clinical studies.