Paul H. M. Savelkoul

TL;DR: The concept of the resistome is discussed, examples of HGT of clinically relevant ARGs are provided and an overview of the current knowledge of the contributions the various HGT mechanisms make to the spread of antibiotic resistance is presented.

TL;DR: The findings suggest that the abundant presence of ESBL genes in the food chain may have a profound effect on future treatment options for a wide range of infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.

TL;DR: In the past decade, various methods have been developed for the identification and typing of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms at the DNA level but these methods differ in their taxonomic range, discriminatory power, reproducibility, and ease of interpretation and standardization.

TL;DR: Molecular assays are expected eventually to replace the current conventional microbiological techniques for detection of bloodstream infections and interpretation is complex, however, because of detection of DNA rather than living pathogens, the risk of interfering contamination, the presence of background DNA in blood, and the lack of a gold standard.

TL;DR: All techniques appear to be capable of detecting outbreak strains, but only REA and MLVA showed sufficient discrimination to distinguish strains from different outbreaks.