Showing papers by "Florida Atlantic University published in 2001"
TL;DR: The input-to-state stability property and small-gain theorems are introduced as the cornerstone of new stability criteria for discrete-time nonlinear systems.
1,179 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify common elements of public procurement knowledge through a brief analysis of the literature and provide a summary of government efforts to improve public procurement practices using a systems approach as a method of inquiry.
Abstract: Academically, public procurement has been a neglected area of study even though governmental entities and public procurement practitioners have diligently worked to improve public procurement practices. This article will identify common elements of public procurement knowledge through a brief analysis of the literature and will provide a summary of government efforts to improve public procurement practices. In addition, this article will comprehensively re-examine public procurement by using a systems approach as a method of inquiry. Finally, implications of the proposed public procurement system regarding future research and study will be discussed.
542 citations
TL;DR: Among the Big Five dimensions, Agreeableness was most closely associated with processes and outcomes during interpersonal conflict, and was related to responsiveness to conflict.
Abstract: This multimethod research linked the Big Five personality dimensions to interpersonal conflicts. Agreeableness was the focus because this dimension is associated with motives to maintain positive interpersonal relations. Converging responses to both hypothetical conflicts and to diary records of actual daily interpersonal conflicts across a two-week period were assessed. Agreeableness was expected to moderate affective responses and tactical choices during conflicts. Patterns of daily conflict were related to self-reported reactions to hypothetical conflicts and to teacher-rated adjustment in adolescents. As predicted, Agreeableness was related to responsiveness to conflict. Agreeableness differences and use of destructive tactics in conflict were significantly related to evaluations of the individual's adjustment by knowledgeable raters. Among the Big Five dimensions, Agreeableness was most closely associated with processes and outcomes during interpersonal conflict.
541 citations
03 Sep 2001
TL;DR: A method of calculating power-aware connected dominating set, where connections of nodes are determined by geographical distances of nodes, is proposed and results show that the proposed approach outperforms several existing approaches in terms of life span of the network.
Abstract: Efficient routing among a set of mobile hosts (also called nodes) is one of the most important functions in ad hoc wireless networks. Routing based on a connected dominating set is a promising approach, where the searching space for a route is reduced to nodes in the set. A set is dominating if all the nodes in the system are either in the set or neighbors of nodes in the set. J. Wu and H. Li (1999) proposed a simple and efficient distributed algorithm for calculating connected dominating set in ad hoc wireless networks, where connections of nodes are determined by geographical distances of nodes. In general, nodes in the connected dominating set consume more energy in order to handle various bypass traffics than nodes outside the set. To prolong the life span of each node, and hence, the network by balancing the energy consumption in the network, nodes should be alternated in being chosen to form a connected dominating set. In this paper, we propose a method of calculating power-aware connected dominating set. Our simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms several existing approaches in terms of life span of the network.
507 citations
TL;DR: Phonological memory, rate of access to phonological codes in long-term memory, and phonological awareness were uniquely associated with growth in estimated total number of computation procedures mastered (general computation skills) from 92.5 to 134.8 months in age.
484 citations
TL;DR: Capillary bed bleeding was present in all cases and effectively sealed within 3 minutes following the application of platelet gel and fibrin glue, so as to maintain hemostasis during cosmetic surgical procedures.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new technique of harvesting and preparing autologous platelet gel and autologous fibrin glue (body glue) and to evaluate their effectiveness in stopping capillary bleeding in the surgical flaps of patients undergoing cosmetic surgery. A convenience sample of 20 patients ranging from 25 to 76 years of age undergoing cosmetic surgery involving the creation of a surgical flap were included in the study. The types of surgical procedures included face lifts, breast augmentations, breast reductions, and neck lifts. Platelet-poor and platelet-rich plasma were prepared during the procedure from autologous blood using a compact, tabletop, automated autologous platelet concentrate system (SmartPReP, Harvest Autologous Hemobiologics, Norwell, Mass.). The platelet-poor and platelet-rich plasma were combined with a thrombin-calcium chloride solution to produce autologous fibrin glue and autologous platelet gel, respectively. Capillary bed bleeding was present in all cases and effectively sealed within 3 minutes following the application of platelet gel and fibrin glue. The technique for making the solution and for evaluating its effectiveness in achieving and maintaining hemostasis during cosmetic surgical procedures is described. Autologous platelet gel and fibrin glue prepared by the automated concentrate system are compared with autotransfusor-prepared platelet gel and Tisseel (Baxter Healthcare Corp.), a commercially prepared fibrin sealant preparation.
462 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the cultural evolution of these values over more than half a century and found that both sexes increased the importance they attach to physical attractiveness in a mate, but especially men, increased their importance to mates with good financial prospects.
Abstract: The qualities people believe are important in selecting a marriage partner afford one domain for assessing human values. We examined the cultural evolution of these values over more than half a century. Building on existing data on mate preferences collected in 1939 (N= 628), 1956 (N= 120), 1967 (N= 566), and 1977 (N= 316), we collected data using the same instrument in 1984/1985 (N= 1,496) and in 1996 (N= 607) at geographically diverse locations. Several changes in values were documented across the 57-year span. Both sexes increased the importance they attach to physical attractiveness in a mate. Both sexes, but especially men, increased the importance they attach to mates with good financial prospects. Domestic skills in a partner plummeted in importance for men. Mutual attraction and love climbed in importance for both sexes. The sexes converged in the ordering of the importance of different mate qualities, showing maximum similarity in 1996. Discussion speculates about causes of the cultural evolution of values.
447 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the stellar core collapse, bounce, and postbounce evolution of a star in a self-consistent general relativistic spherically symmetric simulation based on Boltzmann neutrino transport was reported.
Abstract: We report on the stellar core collapse, bounce, and postbounce evolution of a $13 {\mathrm{M}}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ star in a self-consistent general relativistic spherically symmetric simulation based on Boltzmann neutrino transport. We conclude that approximations to exact neutrino transport and the omission of general relativistic effects were not alone responsible for the failure of numerous preceding attempts to model supernova explosions in spherical symmetry. Compared to simulations in Newtonian gravity, the general relativistic simulation results in a smaller shock radius. We however argue that the higher neutrino luminosities and rms energies in the general relativistic case could lead to a larger supernova explosion energy.
355 citations
TL;DR: A simple and efficient distributed algorithm for calculating connected dominating set in ad hoc wireless networks, where connections of nodes are determined by their geographical distances and an update/recalculation algorithm for theconnected dominating set when the topology of the ad hoc Wireless Network changes dynamically.
Abstract: Efficient routing among a set of mobile hosts (also called nodes) is one of the most important functions in ad hoc wireless networks. Routing based on a connected dominating set is a promising approach, where the searching space for a route is reduced to nodes in the set. A set is dominating if all the nodes in the system are either in the set or neighbors of nodes in the set. In this paper, we propose a simple and efficient distributed algorithm for calculating connected dominating set in ad hoc wireless networks, where connections of nodes are determined by their geographical distances. We also propose an update/recalculation algorithm for the connected dominating set when the topology of the ad hoc wireless network changes dynamically. Our simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms a classical algorithm in terms of finding a small connected dominating set and doing so quickly. Our approach can be potentially used in designing efficient routing algorithms based on a connected dominating set.
338 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the effect of concurrent engineering practices on product innovation, quality, and premium price capabilities in a sample of 244 firms and find that firms that experience a high technological and product change in their environment are using more CE practices, while firms that display elevated quality levels excel in their premium pricing capabilities.
258 citations
TL;DR: The simplicity and versatility of APCI-MS make it an ideal tool for use in solving hitherto very difficult analytical problems.
Abstract: Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry (MS) has proven to be a very valuable technique for analysis of lipids from a variety of classes. This instrumental method readily produces useful ions with gentle fragmentation from large neutral molecules such as triacylglycerols and carotenoids, which are often difficult to analyze using other techniques. Molecules that are easily ionized, such as phospholipids, produce molecular ions and diagnostically useful fragment ions that are complementary to those produced by methods such as electrospray ionization MS with collision-induced dissociation. The simplicity and versatility of APCI-MS make it an ideal tool for use in solving hitherto very difficult analytical problems.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore factors that affect portfolio size among a sample of venture capital financing data from 214 Canadian venture capital funds and assess the statistical and economic significance of these variables, and test for the presence of increasing versus decreasing returns to scale in the factors affecting the number of investee entrepreneurial firms in a venture capital portfolio.
Abstract: This paper explores factors that affect portfolio size among a sample of venture capital financing data from 214 Canadian venture capital funds The data encompass a variety of venture capital funds (private independent limited partnerships, corporate, government, labour-sponsored), and a variety of entrepreneurial firms In addition to direct measures of investment costs, a number of proxies for the non-pecuniary costs and benefits of having additional entrepreneurial firms in a venture capital portfolio are considered Four categories of factors affect portfolio size: (1) the venture capital funds' characteristics, including the type of fund, fund duration, fundraising, and the number of venture capital fund managers; (2) the entrepreneurial firms' characteristics, including stage of development, technology, and geographic location; (3) the nature of the financing transactions, including staging, syndication and capital structure; and (4) market conditions We assess the statistical and economic significance of these variables, and test for the presence of increasing versus decreasing returns to scale in the factors that affect the number of investee entrepreneurial firms in a venture capital portfolio
TL;DR: A series of meta-analyses examine developmental trends in peer conflict resolution as discussed by the authors, concluding that most conflicts involve coercive resolutions, in contrast to self-reports, which suggest that negotiation prevails.
01 Mar 2001-Journal of Comparative Physiology A-neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology
TL;DR: Despite very limited work in this area in the past 20 years, evidence suggests that at least some decapod crustaceans are able to detect and use sounds in ways that parallel detection and processing mechanisms in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates.
Abstract: This paper reviews behavioral, physiological, anatomical, and ecological aspects of sound and vibration detection by decapod crustaceans. Our intent is to demonstrate that despite very limited work in this area in the past 20 years, evidence suggests that at least some decapod crustaceans are able to detect and use sounds in ways that parallel detection and processing mechanisms in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates. Some aquatic decapod crustaceans produce sounds, and many are able to detect substrate vibration at sensitivities sufficient to tell of the proximity of mates, competitors, or predators. Some semi-terrestrial crabs produce and use sounds for communication. These species detect acoustic stimuli as either air- or substrate-borne energies, socially interact in acoustic "choruses," and probably use "calls" to attract mates.
TL;DR: With exact three-flavor Boltzmann neutrino transport, the stellar core collapse, bounce, and postbounce evolution of a 13M star in spherical symmetry, the Newtonian limit, without invoking convection is simulated.
Abstract: With exact three-flavor Boltzmann neutrino transport, we simulate the stellar core collapse, bounce, and postbounce evolution of a 13M{sub 0} star in spherical symmetry, the Newtonian limit, without invoking convection. In the absence of convection, prior spherically symmetric models, which implemented approximations to Boltzmann transport, failed to produce explosions. We consider exact transport to determine if these failures were due to the transport approximations made and to answer remaining fundamental questions in supernova theory. The model presented here is the first in a sequence of models beginning with different progenitors. In this model, a supernova explosion is not obtained.
TL;DR: For both young and older adults, social and emotional loneliness were moderately correlated with one another and had differential network correlates as discussed by the authors, however, emotional loneliness was related to the presence of a romantic partner in the network, although this relationship was stronger for the older adults.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to examine social network correlates of social and emotional loneliness to demonstrate that social and emotional loneliness are different constructs and (b) to investigate the possibility of age differences in the relationship between loneliness and social network characteristics. Results indicated that for both young and older adults, social and emotional loneliness were moderately correlated with one another and had differential network correlates. Likewise, for both age groups, emotional loneliness was related to the presence of a romantic partner in the network, although this relationship was stronger for the older adults. Correlates of social loneliness also differed between young and older adults. The presence of a close other and size of the network predicted social loneliness for young adults, whereas average closeness of the network predicted social loneliness for older adults.
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: Three patterns that correspond to the most common models for security are discussed: Authorization, Role-Based Access Control, and Multilevel Security, which can be applied in all the levels of the system.
Abstract: Security is a serious problem in the Internet and it is necessary to build new systems incorporating security as integral part of their design. The use of patterns is a good tool to help designers build secure systems. We discuss three patterns that correspond to the most common models for security: Authorization, Role-Based Access Control, and Multilevel Security. These can be applied in all the levels of the system and we show their use in the definition of a pattern for file authorization.
TL;DR: The first two experiments in this study and the previous experiment clearly suggest that T. testudinum may be tolerant to short-term below-ground tissue exposure to high sulfide concentrations, an important caveat appears to be, however, when sulfide exposure is combined with other stressors common in Florida Bay and other tropical/subtropical lagoons and estuaries.
TL;DR: Laursen et al. as mentioned in this paper found that parent-child conflicts more often involved a combination of daily hassle topics, neutral or angry affect afterward, power-assertive resolutions, and win-lose outcomes.
Abstract: In telephone interviews, 212 adolescents described all disagreements arising the preceding day that involved parents or friends. Conflicts were organized in a similar manner in both relationships: Topics, resolutions, and outcomes were linked together and were usually tied to affect afterward. The specific dynamics of conflict, however, varied in a manner that reflects differences in relationship power and stability. Relative to those with friends, parent-child conflicts more often involved a combination of daily hassle topics, neutral or angry affect afterward, power-assertive resolutions, and win-lose outcomes. Relative to those with parents, friend conflicts more often involved a combination of relationship topics, friendly affect afterward, disengaged resolutions, and equal or no outcomes. Most differences in disagreement dynamics were not a function of differences in the rate at which topics of conflict arose in each relationship: Across topics, parents usually reported more coercion than friends, and friends usually reported more mitigation than parents. Key Words: adolescence, adolescent-peer relationships, interpersonal conflict, parent-adolescent relationships. Disagreements are a ubiquitous part of interpersonal relationships. Over the course of a given day, most adolescents find themselves involved in one or more conflicts with family and peers (Laursen & Collins, 1994). Because disagreements are a microcosm of larger patterns of social interaction, conflicts usually are managed in a manner that reflects salient properties of a relationship (Laursen, Hartup, & Koplas, 1996). Parent-child relationships are obligatory and hierarchical, characteristics that invite coercion. In contrast, friendships are voluntary and egalitarian, so participants expect mitigation. Support for these distinctions comes from research that contrasts parent-child relationships and peer relationships on a limited number of specific conflict behaviors (see Canary, Cupach, & Messman, 1995, for review). Although an understanding and mastery of relationship-appropriate behaviors is of critical importance to interpersonal functioning, little is known about whether these relationship differences extend to the way in which conflicts unfold or are organized and to the particular patterns or dynamics that prevail. Our study examines adolescent self-reports of daily disagreements to identify how conflicts are organized. It is designed to test the assertion that the dynamics of conflicts with friends differ from those with parents and that the differences are not an artifact of the topics that provoke disagreement in each relationship. Shantz (1987, p. 285) described interpersonal conflict as a "time-distributed social episode" comprised of several discrete elements. These components of conflict include the topic, the initiation, the intensity, the resolution, and the outcome. Disagreements have a sequential structure; one component (e.g., the outcome) follows another (e.g., the resolution) in an orderly progression. This organizational scheme may be likened to that of a play or a novel (Laursen & Collins, 1994). Typically, there is a protagonist and an antagonist (the conflict participants), a theme (the topic), a complication (the initiation), rising action and a crisis (the resolution), and a denouement (the outcome). Plots unfold according to a prescribed sequence, and so do conflicts: Each is comprised of discrete units that combine to form a coherent whole. The organization of conflict refers to the structure of a disagreement and the extent to which discrete components are interconnected. Our study was designed to outline the organization of adolescent conflicts with parents and friends. There are other parallels between plots and conflicts. Both may be scripted and formulaic, sharing a common set of defining characteristics. Those with similar distinguishing features fall into groups akin to genres. …
TL;DR: The results obtained suggest that oxidation enhances specific voltage-dependent opening transitions and slows the rate-limiting closing transition in the Slo channel, and may represent an important link between cellular electrical excitability and metabolism.
Abstract: Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species are readily generated in vivo, playing roles in many physiological and pathological conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, by oxidatively modifying various proteins. Previous studies indicate that large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (BK(Ca) or Slo) are subject to redox regulation. However, conflicting results exist whether oxidation increases or decreases the channel activity. We used chloramine-T, which preferentially oxidizes methionine, to examine the functional consequences of methionine oxidation in the cloned human Slo (hSlo) channel expressed in mammalian cells. In the virtual absence of Ca(2+), the oxidant shifted the steady-state macroscopic conductance to a more negative direction and slowed deactivation. The results obtained suggest that oxidation enhances specific voltage-dependent opening transitions and slows the rate-limiting closing transition. Enhancement of the hSlo activity was partially reversed by the enzyme peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase, suggesting that the upregulation is mediated by methionine oxidation. In contrast, hydrogen peroxide and cysteine-specific reagents, DTNB, MTSEA, and PCMB, decreased the channel activity. Chloramine-T was much less effective when concurrently applied with the K(+) channel blocker TEA, which is consistent with the possibility that the target methionine lies within the channel pore. Regulation of the Slo channel by methionine oxidation may represent an important link between cellular electrical excitability and metabolism.
TL;DR: There is compelling evidence that oxidation of zinc finger cysteine residues occurs both in vitro and in vivo, and the pathways and reactive oxygen intermediates involved are reviewed.
Abstract: Redox-sensitive cysteine residues are present in the interaction domains of many protein complexes. There are examples in all of the major categories of transcription factors, including basic region, leucine zipper, helix-loop-helix, and zinc finger. Zinc finger structures require at least two zinc-coordinated cysteine sulfhydryl groups, and oxidation or alkylation of these can eliminate DNA-binding and transcriptional functions. We review here the evidence for oxidation of zinc finger cysteines, the pathways and reactive oxygen intermediates involved, and the functional and physiological consequences of these reactions. Despite skepticism that the strongly reducing intracellular environment would permit significant oxidation of cysteine residues within zinc finger transcription factors, there is compelling evidence that oxidation occurs both in vitro and in vivo. Early reports demonstrating reversible oxidation of zinc-coordinated cysteines with loss of binding function in vitro were shown to reflect acc...
TL;DR: Use of the AWHONN/NANN Neonatal Skin Care Research-Based Clinical Practice Guideline was successfully implemented at 51 sites, and effectiveness was demonstrated by changed care practices and improved skin condition in premature and full-term newborns.
Abstract: Objective To test the effectiveness of an evidence-based clinical practice guideline for neonatal skin care on selected clinical outcomes for newborns in neonatal intensive-care units (NICU), special-care units (SCU), and well-baby nurseries Design Prospective evaluation of the collaborative neonatal skin care research-based practice project of the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses and the National Association of Neonatal Nurses Setting NICU and well-baby units in 51 hospitals located throughout the United States Participants Member site coordinators (N = 51) and the neonates (N = 2,820) observed during both the pre-and post implementation phases of the project Method Site coordinators received specialized education in neonatal skin care and implemented an evidence-based clinical practice guideline addressing 10 aspects of neonatal skin care Baseline observations of skin condition, care practices, and environment of newly admitted neonates were collected by site coordinators Postimplementation observations were then completed Main Outcome Measures Skin condition was assessed with the Neonatal Skin Condition Score (NSCS), which ranges from a score of three (best condition) to a score of nine (worst condition), based on dryness, erythema, and skin breakdown Changes in frequency of selected skin care practices were used to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of using the practice guideline in everyday clinical practice Aspects of the care environment with potential effect on skin integrity were monitored to determine risk factors Results Fifty-one site coordinators made 11,468 systematic assessments of 2,464 NICU and SCU newborns and 356 well newborns Baseline skin scores were better in well newborns compared with premature newborns After implementation of the guideline, skin condition was improved, as reflected by less visible dryness, redness, and skin breakdown in both the NICU/SCU and well newborns The guideline was integrated into care, as evidenced by increased use of emollients, particularly with premature infants, and decreased frequency of bathing A relationship was shown between selected aspects of the environment and alterations in skin integrity Conclusions Use of the AWHONN/NANN Neonatal Skin Care Research-Based Clinical Practice Guideline was successfully implemented at 51 sites, and effectiveness was demonstrated by changed care practices and improved skin condition in premature and full-term newborns The results of this project support a wider dissemination of the project's practice guideline for neonatal skin care
TL;DR: This article used data from the 1994 General Social Survey to test the hypothesis drawn from group threat theory that Americans' perception of threatened group interests increases their opposition to policies benefiting immigrants and found that these influences are independent of self-interest, anti-immigrant prejudice, conservatism, and economic outlook.
Abstract: This study uses data from the 1994 General Social Survey to test the hypothesis drawn from group threat theory that Americans' perception of threatened group interests increases their opposition to policies benefiting immigrants. It extends previous studies in several ways: by addressing policy views toward undocumented immigrants as well as legal immigrants, by considering a broader range of group threats, and by distinguishing group threat from threat to self-interest. Findings show that Americans' perceptions of threats to their economic and cultural interests may exert appreciable influences on their policy preferences and that these influences are independent of self-interest, anti-immigrant prejudice, conservatism, and economic outlook. Implications are drawn for immigration policy reform and for the general applicability of group threat theory.
TL;DR: The authors found that self-esteem evolved as a psychological solution to the adaptive problem of tracking reproductively-relevant costs inflicted by a spouse, and tracking own value as a long-term mate.
TL;DR: The effect of cochannel interference on the performance of digital mobile radio systems in a Nakagami (1960) fading channel and maximal ratio combining (MRC) diversity is analyzed in the presence of multiple equal-power cochannel interferers and additive white Gaussian noise.
Abstract: The effect of cochannel interference on the performance of digital mobile radio systems in a Nakagami (1960) fading channel is studied. The performance of maximal ratio combining (MRC) diversity is analyzed in the presence of multiple equal-power cochannel interferers and additive white Gaussian noise. Closed-form expressions are derived for the average probability of error as well as outage probability of both coherent and noncoherent (differentially coherent) binary frequency-shift keying and binary phase-shift keying schemes in an environment with cochannel interference and noise. The results are expressed in terms of the confluent hypergeometric function of the second kind, a function that can be easily evaluated numerically. The analysis assumes an arbitrary number of independent and identically distributed Nakagami interferers.
United States Naval Research Laboratory1, University of Maine2, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill3, University of California, San Diego4, University of Texas at Austin5, University of Washington6, United States Geological Survey7, Stony Brook University8, British Geological Survey9, NATO10, Florida Atlantic University11, Columbia University12, Florida State University13, Oregon State University14
TL;DR: In this article, a seafloor penetration, sediment propagation, and bottom scattering experiments were conducted in a 1 km/sup 2/ area located 2 km off the Florida Panhandle (30/spl deg/22.6'N; 86/spl dc/38.7'W).
Abstract: A 1-km/sup 2/ area located 2 km off the Florida Panhandle (30/spl deg/22.6'N; 86/spl deg/38.7'W) was selected as the site to conduct high-frequency acoustic seafloor penetration, sediment propagation, and bottom scattering experiments. Side scan, multibeam, and normal incidence chirp acoustic surveys as well as subsequent video surveys, diver observations, and vibra coring, indicate a uniform distribution of surficial and subbottom seafloor characteristics within the area. The site, in 18-19 m of water, is characterized by 1-2-m-thick fine-to-medium clean sand and meets the logistic and scientific requirements specified for the acoustic experiments. This paper provides a preliminary summary of the meteorological, oceanographic, and seafloor conditions found during the experiments and describes the important physical and biological processes that control the spatial distribution and temporal changes in these characteristics.
TL;DR: The results from the newly established landscapes presented here indicated that St. Augustinegrass was more efficient at using applied N and minimizing N leaching compared with the alternative landscape, and identified areas of concern with respect to N management practices on alternative landscapes.
Abstract: Turfgrass landscapes have the potential for loss of applied N through both runoff and leaching. Lower maintenance alternative vegetation used in mixed-species landscapes may reduce N leaching and runoff, which is important for reducing N pollution of surface and ground waters. However, few studies have examined this paradigm. Therefore, we constructed a field-scale facility to compare fertilizer N runoff and leaching between St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] and a mixed-species landscape. Four replications of each landscape were randomly assigned to 50-m 2 plots. A medium-fine sand (75-cm depth) was used as the root zone mix. A blended granular fertilizer was applied at a rate of 300 and 150 kg N ha -1 yr -1 on the turfgrass and mixed-species, respectively. Throughout the first year following installation of the landscapes, fertilizer N loss in surface runoff was insignificant. In contrast, N leaching losses were significantly greater on the mixed-species landscape during three fertilizer cycles, resulting in 48.3 kg N ha -1 compared with 4.1 kg N ha -1 for the St. Augustinegrass annually. The results from the newly established landscapes presented here indicated that St. Augustinegrass was more efficient at using applied N and minimizing N leaching compared with the alternative landscape. Furthermore, the study identified areas of concern with respect to N management practices on alternative landscapes. These results hold implications for future landscape models and management of resources in a residential setting.
TL;DR: Buss et al. as mentioned in this paper found that men and women have evolved short-term and long-term mating strategies that are pursued differently by each sex depending on theoretically derived dimensions of context.
Abstract: authors have proposed competing evolutionary theories of human mating. Some argue that both sexes are designed to pursue a singular long-term mating strategy. Others contend that both sexes are designed to function as essentially multiple maters. Sexual Strategies Theory (SST; D.M. Buss & D.P. Schmitt, 1993), in contrast, proposes that men and women have evolved short-term and long-term mating strategies that are pursued differently by each sex depending on theoretically derived dimensions of context. According to SST, the sexes tend to differ in the nature and prominence of the short-term component of human mating-particularly the short-term desire for sexual variety. The current research was designed to test competing empirical predictions from these contrasting theories by focusing on sex differences in the desire for sexual variety. Study 1 (N = 1,049), consisting of five separate samples, found large and consistent sex differences in the desire for short-term sexual variety, even after employing statistical methods to control for skewed distributions and statistical outliers. Study 2 (N = 192) confirmed the results of Study 1 using an older, more mature sample. Study 3 (N = SO) again replicated these sex differences using an observer-based method of inquiry. Study 4 (N = 167) found evidence that short-term mating was unrelated generally to psychological dysfunction and may be related to mentally healthy personality characteristics in men. Discussion focuses on the viability of pluralistic compared with monomorphic evolutionary theories of human mating strategies.
TL;DR: This article found that women's willingness to become friends with a member of the same sex is lower when the person is described as sexually promiscuous than when described as being sexually experienced.
Abstract: If humans faced recurrently over evolutionary history the adaptive problem of competition with same-sex friends for mates, they may have evolved psychological mechanisms designed to prevent and combat mating rivalry with same-sex friends. Four studies were conducted to test hypotheses about the design of these mechanisms. In Studies 1 and 2 (N= 406 and N= 342, respectively) we found that, as predicted, people experience more upset in response to imagined rivalry from a friend than from a stranger. In Study 3 (N= 455), in which a between-subjects design was utilized, we found that women's, but not men's, willingness to become friends with a member of the same sex is lower when the person is described as sexually promiscuous. In Study 4 (N= 169) we found that people report being deceived by friends about mating rivalry more often than they themselves report engaging in deceit about rivalry, and women more than men deceive each other about how sexually experienced and promiscuous they are. Discussion addresses implications of the findings and the use of an evolutionary approach for understanding conflict in same-sex friendship.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated in the rat that neuronal activity exhibiting strong state‐dependent synchrony with rhythmic hippocampal electroencephalogram is present also at the brainstem level, specifically in the relatively small tegmental nuclei of Gudden intimately connected with the limbic forebrain.
Abstract: Theta rhythm is most prominent in the hippocampus but has also been recorded in other cortical and limbic structures and can play an important role in functional coupling of widely separated structures responsible for different components of the memory building process. Here we demonstrate in the rat that neuronal activity exhibiting strong state-dependent synchrony with rhythmic hippocampal electroencephalogram is present also at the brainstem level, specifically in the relatively small tegmental nuclei of Gudden intimately connected with the limbic forebrain. We found that during theta states, either occurring spontaneously or triggered by sensory stimulation in the urethane anaesthetized rat, all neurons in the anterior and ventral tegmental nuclei exhibited a consistent switch from irregular discharges to rhythmic bursts. The switch between these patterns closely matched the analogous transformations in the hippocampal EEG, but the level of synchrony between the two signals varied depending on the level of theta activation. During sensory stimulation, when theta is faster and more regular, the rhythmic bursts in the tegmentum showed extremely high coherence (up to 0.96) with hippocampal field potentials. During spontaneous theta, the average coherence was lower but still highly significant (0.62). Gudden's nuclei are reciprocally connected to the mammillary body complex (MB) occupying a strategic position at the gateway of hippocampofugal connections organized in the Papez circuit. Thus, coupling between the MB-Gudden circuit and the hippocampus and consequently the neuronal traffic through the Papez circuit and hence the assembly of limbic structures connected to the hippocampus may vary according to the activity in these specific brainstem nuclei.