Showing papers by "University of North Carolina at Wilmington published in 1985"
187 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors tested an integrated theoretical model of delinquency on a representative sample of 341 male New Jersey adolescents and found that the model is a modified version of Hirschi's control theory that integrates, in part, cultural deviance theory.
Abstract: This study tests an integrated theoretical model of delinquency on a representative sample of 341 male New Jersey adolescents. The model is a modified version of Hirschi's control theory that integrates, in part, cultural deviance theory. This study addresses two questions: (1) how well does the theory explain delinquency within different adolescent age groups? and (2) does the salience of individual components in the model differ from one age group to another? Path analysis indicates that parameter estimates vary substantially across age groups The influence of parents and the school peak considerably in midadolescence while the influence of delinquent companions is greatest among the oldest male group. The findings indicate that the processes related to delinquency change considerably as youths age through adolescence, thus implying that the issue of “age generalizability” warrants greater attention than presently given in delinquency theory and research.
142 citations
86 citations
TL;DR: Competition experiments for barnacle refuges among the three species of Acanthemblemaria indicate that A. balanorum is a superior competitor for suchRefugees, and selects refugs with entrance diameters highly correlated to standard length.
Abstract: . The utilization of the spatial resources of refuge type, size and depth placement is investigated in the three sympatric species of Acanthemblemaria at the cape region of Baja California, Mexico. A. balanorum occupies barnacle testes (Balanus tintinnabulum), A. macrospilus occupies barnacles and mollusk tubes (vermetid gastropods and pholadids), and A. crockeri occupies only mollusk tubes (pholadids). Refuge diameter overlap is higher than overlap in depth. A. crockeri consistently occupies depths below 5m. Competition experiments for barnacle refuges among the three species indicate that A. balanorum is a superior competitor for such refuges. Prior residency of a less superior species changes the outcome of refuge competition in its favor. The morphological specialization of A. balanorum and A. macrospilus is evident in a high correlation between head size and standard length. A. balanorum selects refuges with entrance diameters highly correlated to standard length.
33 citations
TL;DR: Pressure seems to have some influence on the duration of the development of different developmental stages of krill embryos, and there appears to be a wide variation of sinking rates of eggs within the same brood.
Abstract: This paper focuses upon the influence of increasing hydrostatic pressure on the development of krill eggs at 2°C. This experimental study on the embryology ofEuphausia superba was conducted at the Palmer Station, Antarctica during the 1982–1983 austral summer. The gravid females were captured from Bransfield Strait aboard theR/V Hero. The various embryological stages such as early cleavage, blastula, gastrula and limb-bud nauplius larva were defined and described. The duration for these various developmental stages at 1 atm was also established at +2°C and compared with the timing of this event at negative temperature. Krill embryonic development is inhibited at 4°C. The sinking rate of eggs and embryos was also measured at various pressure. The data suggest that pressure does not significantly influence the sinking rate. There appears to be a wide variation of sinking rates of eggs within the same brood. based on a simulated model of sinking rate, egg development was studied at increasing pressure. Pressure of 5–20 atm accelerates the rate of cleavage and therefore the 32-celled stage is attained within 5–8 h, while at 1 atm it took 13 h to reach the same stage. Pressure thus seems to have some influence on the duration of the development of different developmental stages of krill embryos.
32 citations
31 citations
TL;DR: A number of antibiotics were used to suppress bacterial activity in decomposing Spartina alterniflora and chloramphenicol treated samples (exhibiting 87–90% bacterial suppression) were analyzed respirometrically and found to consume only 30% less O2 than controls.
Abstract: A number of antibiotics were used to suppress bacterial activity in decomposing Spartina alterniflora. The effectiveness of each treatment was quantified using INT formazan vital staining and epifluorescent microscopy. Bacterial suppression of selected treatments was verified using standard plate count procedures. Chloramphenicol treated samples (exhibiting 87–90% bacterial suppression) were analyzed respirometrically and found to consume only 30% less O2 than controls. Non-bacterial respiration (probably fungal) accounted for 70% of the respiration.
20 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that sensation seeking may be a clinically important variable differentiating subgroups of alcoholics.
Abstract: Alcoholics differentiated on the basis of their scores on the Sensation-Seeking Scale were found to differ markedly in their use of other psychoactive drugs, in the number and type of reinforcers given in the Re-inforcer List, on some of their self-reported reasons for drinking, and in age. When subjects were classified on the basis of their MMPI profiles into subtypes, it was observed that there were differences in sensation seeking between different subtypes. The results suggest that sensation seeking may be a clinically important variable differentiating subgroups of alcoholics.
16 citations
TL;DR: Electron microscopy of the hepatopancreas of crabs exposed to naphthalene for 5 days revealed that those cells with abundant membrane lipids and abundant storage lipids (F cells) and R cells (R cells) were most altered while those cells having little membrane or storagelipids (B and E cell) were only slightly altered.
16 citations
TL;DR: In a series of studies, the effects of different types of intradimensional discrimination training on human auditory frequency generalization were examined as discussed by the authors, and the general conclusion is that training with more difficult, three-stimulus discrimination problems results in enhanced peak shift.
14 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the core-excited quartet and doublet spectra of B III, produced by foil excitation of fast B+-ion beams, have been studied in the wavelength region 300-6300 A.
Abstract: The core-excited quartet and doublet spectra of B III, produced by foil excitation of fast B+-ion beams, have been studied in the wavelength region 300-6300 A. A large number of new transitions have been observed, for the first time allowing a detailed test ot theoretically predicted core-excited B III 4L- and 2L-term schemes. For a number of quartet states, the line assignments are supported by lifetime measurements. All the assigned, core-excited spectral lines are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions by Chung et al. These predictions have been extended to include quartet states with L > 2.
TL;DR: A self-administered questionnaire concerning child sex preferences and attitudes toward the exercise of pre- and post-conception sex predetermination was distributed and retrieved from an urbanized....
Abstract: A self-administered questionnaire concerning child sex preferences and attitudes toward the exercise of pre- and post-conception sex predetermination was distributed and retrieved from an urbanized...
TL;DR: The biochemical composition of developing Euphausia superba Dana embryos has been examined at three stages: fresh spawned, gastrula, and limb bud and it appeared that, energetically, protein and lipid contributed equally to the energetics of the developing embryo.
Abstract: The biochemical composition of developing Euphausia superba Dana embryos has been examined at three stages: fresh spawned, gastrula, and limb bud. Fresh spawn embryos had 31% lipid, 1.0% carbohydrate, and 57% protein on a gram dry weight basis. Throughout development lipids were utilized more slowly than in other crustacean embryos for a total utilization of 37.5%. Overall, 35.6% of the starting protein was utilized. On a weight basis, twice as much protein than lipid was used during development, and it appeared that, energetically, protein and lipid contributed equally to the energetics of the developing embryo. Carbohydrate was evidently a minor substrate in early development, although the level increased 38% during development. Average water content was 86% in fresh spawned embryos and 88% in the gastrula stage. The average dry weight of the embryos throughout development was 30 μg. The features of planktonic embryos are contrasted with demersal embryos and the atypical metabolic pattern of krill embryos is discussed.
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: Theoretical integration of the fast-accumulating literature in the substance abuse field has been sadly lacking as discussed by the authors, and most theories have been developed from a single perspective or level of analysis, and in many cases they were inconsistent with data from other approaches on the day the theory was published.
Abstract: Theoretical integration of the fast-accumulating literature in the substance abuse field has been sadly lacking. Most theories have been developed from a single perspective or level of analysis, and in many cases they were inconsistent with data from other approaches on the day the theory was published. For example, Peele (1981) reviewed several theoretical approaches that emphasized that a complete “answer” to substance abuse problems was to be found by analysis of genetic or biochemical factors alone. As Peele showed, these analyses completely ignored other data that clearly indicated the importance of environmental and psychosocial factors. Yet in the same paper, Peele proposed a theoretical approach that denied the importance of any biological factors! To illustrate the current lack of integration in the field, consider again the recent edited collection on drug abuse theory (Lettieri, Sayers, & Pearson, 1980) that included over 40 completely distinct theories. Particularly noteworthy in the Lettieri et al. collection was that most of the theories tended to incorporate only a narrow band of data, and their generalizability beyond a highly limited domain appeared poor. Clearly, there is a need for theoretical integration in the substance abuse field, and a careful inspection of the preceding chapters should convince the reader that such integration will require a model that incorporates factors from several disciplines: in short, a “biopsychosocial” model.
TL;DR: A new technique using reconstruction of memory was developed for the treatment of phobic clients where clients are hypnotized and age-regressed back to the original traumatic event and their memories are replaced with constructed memories of neutral or positive events.
Abstract: A new technique using reconstruction of memory was developed for the treatment of phobic clients. Clients are hypnotized and age-regressed back to the original traumatic event. Through hypnotic guided imagery/fantasy, their memories are then replaced with constructed memories of neutral or positive events. The technique is illustrated in three clients in whom severe phobic reactions were successfully eliminated or reduced in one or a few sessions.
TL;DR: Populations of the Carolina Marsh Clam,Polymesoda caroliniana, suffered high mortality in southeastern North Carolina during the winters of 1983–84 and 1984–85.
Abstract: Populations of the Carolina Marsh Clam,Polymesoda caroliniana, suffered high mortality in southeastern North Carolina during the winters of 1983–84 and 1984–85. Adult populations in brackish marshes in the Cape Fear estuary suffered 33% mortality in 1983 and 38% in 1985. Some data suggest that more flooded areas suffered less mortality. A laboratory experiment found that some clams died after only 4 h exposure to 0 to −1°C. LT50 occurred after only 6.3 h and no individuals survived 24 h exposure. Cold intolerance is suggested as the primary limiting factor in its northern distribution.
TL;DR: The present study used the aggressive display of Betta splendens in response to a mirror as an index of the effects of ethanol and the opiate antagonist, naltrexone, to test the hypothesis that ethanol effects on aggression are mediated by the opioid system.
TL;DR: A 60–140-atm change in the hydrostatic pressure causes fresh water gammarid amphipods from Lake Baikal to lose Na+ to the medium.
Abstract: A 60–140-atm change in the hydrostatic pressure causes fresh water gammarid amphipods from Lake Baikal to lose Na+ to the medium. This effect occurs whether the change is an increase in pressure for shallow species or a decrease in pressure for deep species. The pressure effect is predominantly upon unidirectional influx. A pressure-induced change in the dynamic fluidity of the membrane is suggested as a possible mode of action.
TL;DR: The Spanish translation of Form A of the Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST) was administered to schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic residents of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and suggested that this translation effectively discriminated between schizophrenics and non-schizophrenics on the WIST total score, time, and index.
Abstract: The Spanish translation of Form A of the Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST) was administered to 50 schizophrenic (25 acute; 25 chronic) and 50 (25 = depressives; 25 = normals) nonschizophrenic residents of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Results suggest that this translation effectively discriminated between schizophrenics and non-schizophrenics on the WIST total score, time, and index. A cut-off of 25 on the WIST index correctly classified 98% of the schizophrenic volunteers.
TL;DR: The authors examines the review process currently in vogue in the social sciences and contends that the process is in need of reform, and proposes multiple submissions of extended abstracts as a possibility.
Abstract: The paper examines the review process currently in vogue in the social sciences and contends that the process is in need of reform. The authors propose multiple submissions of extended abstracts as a possibility. The paper tests this alternative and presents an analysis of the results.
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this article, the authors address the problem of individual differences in substance abuse and describe characteristics that are discriminative of individuals who become dependent on or abuse drugs, whereas others do not.
Abstract: Virtually every adolescent and adult in the United States today is exposed each day to the opportunity to use alcohol and tobacco. A smaller, but still significant, percentage of the population is exposed to the opportunity to use a range of illicit drugs from marijuana to heroin. Most of the members of our society have or will have some experience with a variety of psychoactive drugs. Some—but by no means all or most—will become casualties: they will become dependent on one or more drugs. A fundamental question that must be addressed in any serious theory of substance abuse is the problem of individual differences. One way of trying to understand why some individuals become dependent on or abuse drugs, whereas others do not, is to describe characteristics that are discriminative. Some of these factors have been highlighted in recent national surveys.
TL;DR: In this article, the relativistic correction to the energy was included to achieve higher accuracy in the theoretical result, and the new result of 60.150 eV agrees excellently with the 60.010 eV of Morgan and Ederer.
Abstract: The recent experiment of Morgan and Ederer on helium 2s2p ${}^{1}$${P}^{o}$ has improved the agreement between theory and experiment substantially. To achieve higher accuracy in our theoretical result, we include the relativistic correction to the energy. The new result of 60.150 eV agrees excellently with the 60.151\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010 eV of Morgan and Ederer. The wavelength for the 2p3p ${}^{1}$P--2s2p ${}^{1}$${P}^{o}$ transition is also predicted to facilitate the observation of this $^{1}\mathrm{P}^{\mathrm{o}}$ state in an optical emission spectrum.
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The tropho-dynamic implications of the production of ammonia by Krill are discussed in terms of an hypothesis dealing with the positive feed-back of ammonia production by zooplankton to the Antarctic marine ecosystem.
Abstract: The paper focuses on the nitrogenous excretion of various ontogenetic stages of the Antarctic Krill, Euphausia superba, with particular emphasis on contributions of ammonia to the ambient marine environment. As a reflection of a high feeding rate and elevated metabolism, Krill exhibit enhanced catabolic activity under favourable feeding conditions. Within various stages of Krill, ammonia excretion rate averages >260μg NH3 g−1 (dw) h−1. Consequently, a very large quantity of ammonia is released to the ambient environment from Krill swarms in which density can attain 1000 individuals m3. Swarms of significant magnitude, such as the great patches of Krill commonly encountered northwest of Elephant Island and the vast aggregations of Krill in the neritic waters of the Bransfield Strait in the Antarctic Peninsula region, may exert a profound impact on biological processes. The tropho-dynamic implications of the production of ammonia by Krill are discussed in terms of an hypothesis dealing with the positive feed-back of ammonia production by zooplankton to the Antarctic marine ecosystem.
TL;DR: After extensive training on a variable cycle 15-s schedule of shock avoidance, rats were exposed to shock intensity variations from 0.1 to 0.8 mA, and effects of naloxone on variable-cycle avoidance depended on the programmed shock intensity.
Abstract: After extensive training on a variable cycle 15-s schedule of shock avoidance, rats were exposed to shock intensity variations from 0.1 to 0.8 mA. In addition, prior to each session rats received injections of a moderate dose of the opiate antagonist, naloxone (3 mg/kg), or saline vehicle. Response rates and percentage of shocks avoided increased with increasing shock intensity for all three rats. At the high shock intensities naloxone depressed response rates and percentage of avoidance. This naloxone-induced impairment of avoidance was particularly evident in the latter part of the 1-hr sessions. However, at the lower shock intensities, naloxone had no effect for two animals and appeared to increase performance in the third rat. Effects of naloxone on variable-cycle avoidance thus depended on the programmed shock intensity.