Showing papers by "University of Wisconsin-Madison published in 1984"

Orientations in language planning

Abstract: Basic orientations toward language and its role in society influence the nature of language planning efforts in any particular context. Three such orientations are proposed in this paper language-as-problem, language-as-right, and language-as-resource. The first two currently compete for predominance in the international literature. While problem-solving has been the main activity of language planners from early on (language planning being an early and important aspect of social planning in ‘development’ contexts), rights-affirmation has gained in importance with the renewed emphasis on the protection of minority groups. The third orientation has received much less attention; it is proposed as vital to the interest of language planning in the United States. Bilingual education is considered in the framework of these orientations. Many of the problems of bilingual education programs in the United States arise because of the hostility and divisiveness inherent in the problem- and rights-orientations which g...

An Empirical Investigation of Some Antecedents of Opportunism in a Marketing Channel

Abstract: The author examines the determinants of opportunistic behavior in an interfirm relationship. Data from a franchise setting are examined for the effects of inter-organizational structure and interfi...

Implementation techniques for main memory database systems

Abstract: With the availability of very large, relatively inexpensive main memories, it is becoming possible keep large databases resident in main memory In this paper we consider the changes necessary to permit a relational database system to take advantage of large amounts of main memory We evaluate AVL vs B+-tree access methods for main memory databases, hash-based query processing strategies vs sort-merge, and study recovery issues when most or all of the database fits in main memory As expected, B+-trees are the preferred storage mechanism unless more than 80--90% of the database fits in main memory A somewhat surprising result is that hash based query processing strategies are advantageous for large memory situations

Nuclear localization of unoccupied oestrogen receptors.

Abstract: According to the current model of steroid hormone action oestrogen is thought to bind to its receptor in the cytoplasm of target cells1,2 and the oestrogen–receptor complex is then translocated into the nucleus2–4. This model is based on evidence obtained in homogenized cell preparations in which free receptor is associated with the cytosol, whereas steroid-bound receptor is associated with the nuclear fraction. Some data suggest, however, that the unfilled receptor may reside in the nucleus, and that cytosolic localization represents an extraction artefact. We have now reinvestigated the subcellular distribution of unfilled oestrogen receptor using cytochalasin B-induced enucleation to obtain cytoplast and nucleoplast fractions from receptor-containing GH3 cells derived from rat pituitary tumours. We found that cytoplasts prepared from GH3 cells contain little oestrogen-binding activity and that most of the unfilled oestrogen receptors are associated with the nuclear fraction. We therefore suggest that the standard model is in error and that the unoccupied receptor is nuclear in the intact cell.

The Acquisition of Addition and Subtraction Concepts in Grades One through Three.

Abstract: Children's solutions to simple addition and subtraction word problems were studied in a 3-year longitudinal study that followed 88 children from Grades 1 through 3. The children were able to solve the problems using a variety of modeling and counting strategies even before they received formal instruction in arithmetic. The invented strategies continued to be used after several years of formal instruction. Four levels of problemsolving ability were found. At the first level, children could solve problems only by externally modeling them with physical objects. Modeling strategies were gradually replaced with more sophisticated counting strategies. The results of the study are at variance with important aspects of models of children's performance proposed by Briars and Larkin and by Riley, Greeno, and Heller.

Research Design Effects on the Reliability of Rating Scales: A Meta-Analysis:

Abstract: This meta-analysis investigates the effects of research design on the reliability of rating scale measures used in marketing research. Three sets of independent variables—sampling characteristics, ...

Chapter 22 Panel data

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the models that are static conditional on a latent variable. The panel aspect of the data has been primarily used to control for the latent variable. Much work needs to be done on models that incorporate uncertainty and interesting dynamics. Exploiting the martingale implications of time additive utility seems fruitful. There is, however, a potentially important distinction between time averages and cross-section averages. A time average of forecast errors over T periods should converge to zero as T→ ∞. But an average of forecast errors across N individuals surely need not converge to zero as N→ ∞; there is a common component in those errors, due to economy-wide innovations. The same point applies when considering covariances of forecast errors with variables that are in the agent's information sets. If those conditioning variables are discrete, one can think of averaging over subsets of the forecast errors; as T→ ∞, these averages should converge to zero but not necessarily as N → ∞.

Reflections on perfection

Abstract: Ces reflexions sur la perfection et les tendances perfectionnistes se fondent sur la litterature sur la question ainsi que sur l'experience clinique personnelle de l'auteur

Controllability, observability, and duality in singular systems

Abstract: The concepts of controllability and observability for systems of the form E\dot{x} = Ax + Bu, y = Cx, E singular are considered. A theory is presented which unifies the three main approaches to this topic already existing in the literature. The development includes a generalization of the duality theorem from state-space theory.

Some new mathematical methods for variational objective analysis

Abstract: New and/or improved variational methods for simultaneously combining forecast, heterogeneous observational data, a priori climatology, and physics to obtain improved estimates of the initial state of the atmosphere for the purpose of numerical weather prediction are developed. Cross validated spline methods are applied to atmospheric data for the purpose of improved description and analysis of atmospheric phenomena such as the tropopause and frontal boundary surfaces.

The Integers and Topology

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses integers and topology. Role in topology of certain cardinals is associated with ω. This chapter discusses the problems on first countability, convergence, and separable metrizable spaces. A typical use of these set theoretic cardinals associated with ω involves topologically defined cardinals. Another use of these set theoretic cardinals associated with ω is that certain topological results hold if one of these cardinals equals ω1. The chapter also discusses the set theory, which states an ordinal is the set of smaller ordinals, and a cardinal is an initial ordinal. ω is ω0, and c is 2ω. The chapter also describes sequential and countable compactness. A countable set A of a space X is said to cluster at x ∈ X if each neighborhood of x contains infinitely many points of A, and it is said to converge to x ∈ X if each neighborhood of x contains all but finitely many points of A. A space is called countably compact if each countably infinite set clusters at some point, and it is called sequentially compact if each countably infinite set has an infinite subset that converges somewhere. Moreover, a space X is called subsequential if for every countably infinite A ⊆ X and for every cluster point x of A, there is an infinite subset of A that converges to x.

Major heat shock gene of Drosophila and the Escherichia coli heat-inducible dnaK gene are homologous.

Abstract: The Escherichia coli dnaK gene is homologous to the major heat shock-induced gene in Drosophila (Hsp70). The primary DNA sequence of the entire protein-coding region of the dnaK gene was determined and compared with that of the Hsp70 gene of Drosophila. The two sequences are homologous; the dnaK gene could encode a 69,121-Da polypeptide, 48% identical to the hsp70 protein of Drosophila. The homology between the Hsp70 gene of Drosophila and the E. coli dnaK gene illustrates the remarkable conservation of the heat shock genes in evolution. In contrast to Drosophila and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, both of which contain multigene families related to the Hsp70 gene, hybridization analyses indicate that E. coli contains only a single Hsp70-related gene, dnaK. Hybridization between the DNA of an archaebacterium Methanosarcina barkeri and the Hsp70 genes of Drosophila, Saccharomyces, and E. coli has been detected, suggesting the existence of Hsp70-related genes in the three "primary kingdoms": eukaryotes, eubacteria, and archaebacteria.

Mental Representations of the Self

Abstract: Publisher Summary The study of the self is now of concern to almost every part of social psychology. This chapter attempts to adopt two complementary theoretical perspectives in cognitive psychology and pursue their implications for research and for theory on the structure and function of the self-concept. These implications should be construed as hypotheses rather than conclusions. It concerns with the cognitive aspects of the self, however, there are problems that must be confronted. Self-assessment is represented by a process involving the direct look up of features associated with the self concept. Because of the widespread implications and the great interest in the self throughout the behavioral sciences, research and theorizing in this field have inevitably followed different approaches. In the chapter, the relatively new information-processing perspective and the way the concepts and methods employed in the study of memory and information processing generally contribute in important ways to understand the self-concept is reviewed. The self-concept may be construed as a set of features that are characteristic of the person and also distinguish him or herself from other individuals.

Morse-type index theory for flows and periodic solutions for Hamiltonian Equations

Abstract: An index theory for flows is presented which extends the classical Morse theory for gradient flows on compact manifolds. The theory is used to prove a Morse-type existence statement for periodic solutions of a time-dependent (periodic in time) and asymptotically linear Hamiltonian equation.

Role of the conserved AAUAAA sequence: four AAUAAA point mutants prevent messenger RNA 3' end formation.

Abstract: A small region (220 bases) of SV40 sequence information—141 bases before the polyadenylation site and 79 beyond—are sufficient for cleavage of an messenger RNA precursor (that is, the formation of

Thermal detectors as X-ray spectrometers

Abstract: Sensitive thermal detectors should be useful for measuring very small energy pulses, such as those produced by the absorption of X-ray photons. The measurement uncertainty can be very small, making the technique promising for high resolution nondispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The limits to the energy resolution of such thermal detectors are derived and used to find the resolution to be expected for a detector suitable for X-ray spectroscopy in the 100 eV to 10,000 eV range. If there is no noise in the thermalization of the X-ray, resolution better than 1 eV full width at half maximum is possible for detectors operating at 0.1 K. Energy loss in the conversion of the photon energy to heat is a potential problem. The loss mechanisms may include emission of photons or electrons, or the trapping of energy in long lived metastable states. Fluctuations in the phonon spectrum could also limit the resolution if phonon relaxation times are very long. Conceptual solutions are given for each of these possible problems.

Estimation of QRS Complex Power Spectra for Design of a QRS Filter

Abstract: We present power spectral analysis of ECG waveforms as well as isolated QRS complexes and episodes of noise and artifact. The power spectral analysis shows that the QRS complex could be separated from other interfering signals. A bandpass filter that maximizes the signal (QRS complex)-to-noise (T-waves, 60 Hz, EMG, etc.) ratio would be of use in many ECG monitoring instruments. We calculate the coherence function and, from that, the signal-to-noise ratio. Upon carrying out this analysis on experimentaly obtained ECG data, we observe that a bandpass filter with a center frequency of 17 Hz and a Q of 5 yields the best signal-to-noise ratio.

Observational conditioning of snake fear in rhesus monkeys.

Abstract: For years theorists have hypothesized on the basis of meagre evidence that observational conditioning is involved in the origins of many human and nonhuman primates* fears and phobias The present experiments provide strong support for this hypothesis by demonstrating observational conditioning of snake fear in rhesus monkeys Experiment l demonstrated the usefulness of a new index of snake fear in rhesus monkeys and, using this new measure, also demonstrated that young monkeys raised by parents who have a fear of snakes do not acquire this fear in the absence of any specific experience with snakes In Experiment 2, however, five out of six adolescent/young-adult rhesus monkeys did acquire an intense and persistent fear of snakes as a result of observing their wild-reared parents behave fearfully in the presence of real, toy, and model snakes for a short period of time. The fear was not context specific and showed no significant signs of diminution at 3-month follow-up Implications of the present results for current theories of the origins of human fears and phobias are discussed.

Cylindrical algebraic decomposition I: the basic algorithm

Abstract: Given a set of r-variate integral polynomials, a cylindrical algebraic decomposition (cad) of euclidean r-space E r partitions E r into connected subsets compatible with the zeros of the polynomials. By “compatible with the zeros of the polynomials” we mean that on each subset of E r , each of the polynomials either vanishes everywhere or nowhere. For example, consider the bivariate polynomial $${y^4} - 2{y^3} + {y^2} - 3{x^2}y + 2{x^4}.$$

The codon preference plot: graphic analysis of protein coding sequences and prediction of gene expression.

Abstract: The codon preference plot is useful for locating genes in sequenced DNA, predicting the relative level of their expression and for detecting DNA sequencing errors resulting in the insertion or deletion of bases within a coding sequence. The three possible reading frames are displayed in parallel along with the open reading frames and plots of the location of rare codons in each reading frame.

MESFET Distributed Amplifier Design Guidelines

Abstract: In the paper, the analysis of GaAs MESFET distributed amplifiers and a systematic approach to their design are presented. The analysis focuses on fundamental design considerations and also establishes the maximum gain-bandwidth product of the amplifier.The design approach presented enables one to examine the tradeoffs between the variables, such as the device, the number of devices, and the impedances and cutoff frequency of the lines, and arrive at a design which gives the desired frequency response. Excellent agreement is shown when the theoretically predicted response of a typical amplifier is compared with computer-aided analysis results, and good agreement is shown with previously published experimental results.