Institution
World Bank
Other•Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States•
About: World Bank is a other organization based out in Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poverty. The organization has 7813 authors who have published 21594 publications receiving 1198361 citations. The organization is also known as: World Bank, WB & The World Bank.
Topics: Population, Poverty, Developing country, Free trade, Productivity
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: Analyzes the global tropical forest biome using forest fires as a high resolution proxy for deforestation; disaggregates impacts by remoteness, aproxy for deforestation pressure; and compares strictly protected vs. multiple use PAs vs indigenous areas to suggest some compatibility between global environmental goals and support for local livelihoods.
Abstract: Protected areas (PAs) cover a quarter of the tropical forest estate. Yet there is debate over the effectiveness of PAs in reducing deforestation, especially when local people have rights to use the forest. A key analytic problem is the likely placement of PAs on marginal lands with low pressure for deforestation, biasing comparisons between protected and unprotected areas. Using matching techniques to control for this bias, this paper analyzes the global tropical forest biome using forest fires as a high resolution proxy for deforestation; disaggregates impacts by remoteness, a proxy for deforestation pressure; and compares strictly protected vs. multiple use PAs vs indigenous areas. Fire activity was overlaid on a 1 km map of tropical forest extent in 2000; land use change was inferred for any point experiencing one or more fires. Sampled points in pre-2000 PAs were matched with randomly selected never-protected points in the same country. Matching criteria included distance to road network, distance to major cities, elevation and slope, and rainfall. In Latin America and Asia, strict PAs substantially reduced fire incidence, but multi-use PAs were even more effective. In Latin America, where there is data on indigenous areas, these areas reduce forest fire incidence by 16 percentage points, over two and a half times as much as naive (unmatched) comparison with unprotected areas would suggest. In Africa, more recently established strict PAs appear to be effective, but multi-use tropical forest protected areas yield few sample points, and their impacts are not robustly estimated. These results suggest that forest protection can contribute both to biodiversity conservation and CO2 mitigation goals, with particular relevance to the REDD agenda. Encouragingly, indigenous areas and multi-use protected areas can help to accomplish these goals, suggesting some compatibility between global environmental goals and support for local livelihoods.
411 citations
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01 Jan 1993TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed and highlighted the latest trends and patterns based on a database of 1,120 estimates in 139 countries and showed that the private average global rate of return to one extra year of schooling is about 9 percent a year and very stable over decades.
Abstract: Returns to investment in education based on human capital theory have been estimated systematically since the 1950s. In the 60-plus year history of such estimates, there have been several compilations in the literature. This paper reviews and highlights the latest trends and patterns based on a database of 1,120 estimates in 139 countries. The review shows that the private average global rate of return to one extra year of schooling is about 9 percent a year and very stable over decades. Private returns to higher education have increased over time, raising issues of financing and equity. Social returns to schooling remain high, above 10 percent at the secondary and higher education levels. Women continue to experience higher average rates of return to schooling, showing that girls' education remains a priority. Returns are higher in low-income countries. Those employed in the private sector of the economy enjoy higher returns than those in the public sector, lending support to the productive value of education.
410 citations
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TL;DR: The authors explored the effects of natural disasters on economic growth separately by disaster and economic sector and found that moderate disasters can have a positive growth effect in some sectors, severe disasters do not.
409 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the role of governance measured by level of corruption and quality of bureaucracy and ask how it affects the relationship between public spending and outcomes, and find that public health spending lowers child and infant mortality rates in countries with good governance.
408 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define transient poverty as the component of time-mean consumption poverty at household level that is directly attributable to variability in consumption; this can be thought of as a measure of vulnerability to falling consumption.
Abstract: We define ‘transient poverty’ as the component of time‐mean consumption poverty at household level that is directly attributable to variability in consumption; this can be thought of as a measure of vulnerability to falling consumption. The non‐transient component then depends solely on mean consumption over time, and we call this ‘chronic poverty’. Using robust semi‐parametric methods and household panel data for rural China, we test whether transient poverty is determined by a process that is similar to chronic poverty. Commonly identified causes of poverty in this setting have weak explanatory power for transient poverty and some of the factors determining transient poverty do not matter to chronic poverty, or even have the opposite effect. Successful policy responses to chronic poverty may still leave considerable transient poverty.
407 citations
Authors
Showing all 7881 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Joseph E. Stiglitz | 164 | 1142 | 152469 |
Barry M. Popkin | 157 | 751 | 90453 |
Dan J. Stein | 142 | 1727 | 132718 |
Asli Demirguc-Kunt | 137 | 429 | 78166 |
Elinor Ostrom | 126 | 430 | 104959 |
David Scott | 124 | 1561 | 82554 |
Ross Levine | 122 | 398 | 108067 |
Barry Eichengreen | 116 | 949 | 51073 |
Martin Ravallion | 115 | 570 | 55380 |
Kenneth H. Mayer | 115 | 1351 | 64698 |
Angus Deaton | 110 | 363 | 66325 |
Timothy Besley | 103 | 368 | 45988 |
Lawrence H. Summers | 102 | 285 | 58555 |
Shang-Jin Wei | 101 | 415 | 39112 |
Thorsten Beck | 99 | 373 | 62708 |