Showing papers in "Food and Chemical Toxicology in 2002"

TL;DR: The evidence clearly shows that levels of caffeine consumed by most people have largely positive effects on behavior, and that excessive consumption can lead to problems, especially in sensitive individuals.

TL;DR: Thyme, cinnamon, anise and spearmint have more effect on fungal development and subsequent mycotoxin production in wheat grains and the results indicate that the test toxigenic fungi are sensitive to the 12 essential oils, and particularly sensitive to thyme and cinnamon.

TL;DR: The molecular mechanisms underlying chemopreventive effects of the aforementioned spice ingredients in terms of their effects on intracellular signaling cascades, particularly those involving NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinases are summarized.

TL;DR: It is concluded that trehalose is safe for use as an ingredient in consumer products when used in accordance with current Good Manufacturing Practices.

TL;DR: This paper critically reviews the entire process of risk assessment by in vitro toxicology, encompassing ongoing and future developments, with major emphasis on cytotoxicity, cellular responses, toxicokinetics, modelling, metabolism, cancer-related endpoints, developmental toxicity, prediction of allergenicity, and finally, development and application of biomarkers.

TL;DR: It is shown that propyl paraben adversely affects the hormonal secretion and the male reproductive functions and the exposure level at which this effect was observed is the same as the upper-limit acceptable daily intake of parabens in the European Community and Japan.

TL;DR: The data on the biological effects of C+K provide a plausible hypothesis to explain some of the anticarcinogenic effects of coffee observed in human epidemiological studies and in animal experiments.

TL;DR: It has been demonstrated that a tiered approach at all three steps can be helpful to optimise the use of the available resources: if relatively crude tools - designed to provide a "worst case" estimate - do not suggest a toxicologically significant exposure (or a relevant deficit of a particular nutrient) it may not be necessary to use more sophisticated tools.

TL;DR: It is confirmed that green tea tannin has excellent antioxidant properties, which may be involved in the beneficial effect of this compound, and the O-trihydroxy structure in the B ring is an important determinant of such activity.

TL;DR: Acute toxicity studies in animals indicate that methyl paraben is practically non-toxic by both oral and parenteral routes, and in a population with normal skin, methyl parABen is virtually non-irritating and non-sensitizing.

TL;DR: An investigation of total arsenic in food composites, collected from the villagers, was carried out in arsenic-affected areas of the Murshidabad district, West Bengal, and higher levels of arsenic were observed in cooked items compared with raw.

TL;DR: In this paper, the grape seed extract (GSE) was examined for acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity using Fischer 344 rats and for mutagenic potential by the reverse mutation test using Salmonella typhimurium, the chromosomal aberration test using CHL cells, and the micronucleus test using ddY mice.

TL;DR: The use of isomaltulose as an alternative sugar is as safe as the use of other digestible sugars consisting of glucose and fructose.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the principle of substantial equivalence to guide the hazard identification and hazard characterisation of macronutrients and whole foods in a case-by-case basis and cannot follow a routine assessment protocol.

TL;DR: This report represents a current summary of the caffeine contents of various commercial products, and provides data on the spectrum of caffeine intake levels in man.

TL;DR: In general, organochlorine levels in fish intended for human consumption are low and probably below levels likely to adversely affect human health, but populations at higher risk than most people are those subsisting largely on fish and other marine life.

TL;DR: An overall assessment of the data suggests that these ingredients, when added to the tobacco, do not add to the toxicity of smoke, even at the elevated levels tested in this series of studies.

TL;DR: Results indicate that PCA protects against t-BHP-induced hepatotoxicity by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics accompanied by blocking of stress signal transduction.

TL;DR: Present exposure to methyl eugenol and estragole resulting from consumption of food, mainly spices and added as such, does not pose a significant cancer risk.

TL;DR: The hypothesis that chemicals in the environment have caused endocrine disruption is discussed along with important issues in the assessment of the risk of such disruption, namely impacts on the male reproductive tract, female gynecological system, human fertility, thyroid function and the central nervous system.

TL;DR: It was suggested that casein-sugar MRPs work more efficiently to quench hydrophilic than hydrophobic radicals.

TL;DR: In vitro cytotoxicity testing indicated that both lemon myrtle oil and citral had a very toxic effect against human cell lines and could potentially be used in the formulation of topical antimicrobial products.

TL;DR: There is no evidence that caffeine has any harmful effect on bone status or on the calcium economy in individuals who ingest the currently recommended daily allowances of calcium.

TL;DR: Evidence of safety is supported by the fact that the intake of benzyl derivatives as natural components of traditional foods is greater than their intake as intentionally added flavoring substances.

TL;DR: This paper addresses major developments in the safety evaluation of chemical mixtures during the past 15 years, reviews today's state of the art of mixture toxicology, and discusses challenges ahead.

TL;DR: In a recent study, the authors showed that green tea or its major polyphenol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), suppressed the formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a marker of oxidative DNA damage, in the lung DNA of mice given a tobacco nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), developed significantly fewer lung tumors than controls.

TL;DR: It is concluded that the OECD Guideline as currently written embodies the necessary flexibility to permit conduct of the LLNA in a manner necessary to meet the varying needs of regulatory agencies and toxicologists around the world.

TL;DR: The major involvement in flavonoid metabolism of human CYP1A2, which mediates the formation of metabolites with different biochemical properties as compared to the parent compound and furthermore is known to be expressed very differently among individuals, raises the important question of whether individual differences in the CYP enzyme activity might affect the beneficial outcome of dietary flavonoids, rendering some individuals more or less refractory to the health-promoting potential of dietary flavours.

TL;DR: The study revealed that water extract was ineffective in reducing the revertants induced by the mutagens, and inhibition of mutagenicity induced by both direct and S9-dependent mutagenens was observed.

TL;DR: The data indicate that the addition of these 333 commonly used ingredients, added to cigarettes in three groups, did not increase the inhalation toxicity of the smoke, even at the exaggerated levels used.