Showing papers in "Progress in Retinal and Eye Research in 2020"

TL;DR: The role of mitochondria in RPE degeneration and AMD pathology focused on mtDNA damage and repair, autophagy/mitophagy signaling, and regulation of inflammation is discussed.

TL;DR: The retinal pigment epithelium, a monolayer of post-mitotic polarized epithelial cells, strategically situated between the photoreceptors and the choroid, is the primary caretaker of photoreceptor health and function.

TL;DR: An in depth assessment of the cumulative knowledge of ABCA4-associated retinopathy – clinical manifestations, genetic complexity, pathophysiology as well as current and proposed therapeutic approaches is provided.

TL;DR: The aim of this review is to summarize and appraise the safety of human retinal stem cell transplantation in the context of its potential to be developed into an effective treatment for retinal degenerative diseases.

TL;DR: An overview of the recent reports of gene augmentation clinical trials by subretinal injections is used to reflect on the reasons why there has been limited success in this early venture into therapy and candidate IRDs for intravitreal gene delivery are suggested.

TL;DR: In vivo and ex vivo experimental methods to characterize scleral biomechanics are explored, along with computational techniques that combine structural and biomechanical data to simulate ocular behaviour and extract tissue material properties, which could offer new hope in the fight against escalating sCleral-related vision disorder worldwide.

TL;DR: The current knowledge of the underlying genetic events that lead to uveal melanoma are discussed, their implication for the disease course and prognosis, as well as the therapeutic possibilities that arise from targeting these different aberrant pathways.

TL;DR: The choroid vascularity index (CVI), defined as the ratio of vascular area to the total choroidal area, is a potential tool in establishing early diagnoses, monitoring disease progression and prognosticating patients.

TL;DR: An overview of the current pathophysiology hypotheses surrounding CSC in addition to future directions in cellular work from human induced pluripotent stem cell derived choroidal endothelial cells from CSC patients are given.

TL;DR: This review summarizes the current knowledge of primate including human retina focusing on bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells and their connectivity, and compares cell populations in primate and rodent retinas, with emphasis on how the fovea (despite its small size) dominates the neural landscape ofPrimate retina.

TL;DR: Understanding the progression and time-course of retinal remodeling will be essential for the establishment of windows of therapeutic intervention and appropriate tuning and design of interventions, and the development of protein aggregates and widespread neurodegeneration in numerous retinal degenerative diseases positions the retina as a ideal platform for the study of proteinopathies.

TL;DR: It is described how AMD can be considered the consequence of age-related random accumulation of molecular damage at the ocular level and the subsequent systemic inflammatory host response thereof, and how this two-level hypothesis provides a foundation for thoughts and future studies in prevention, prognosis, and intervention.

TL;DR: An evaluation of the available literature reveals that a large group of patients suffering from hereditary photoreceptor degeneration carry mutations that are likely to trigger cGMP-dependent cell death, making this pathway a prime target for future therapy development.

TL;DR: This review integrates these components of the outer blood-retinal barrier into a more wholistic view of the barrier and discusses reconstitution models to explore the interactions among them.

TL;DR: An immunohistochemical description of the human and mice retina is presented and an interpretation of the four outer hyperreflective OCT bands with a correspondence to retinal histology is proposed, which would reflect the health of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium.

TL;DR: Future research will be needed to link clinical findings to the molecular biological findings in the tear film, as it has been pointed out that oxidative stress is also involved in the pathology of dry eye, and intervention is being carried out by improving diet and taking supplements.

TL;DR: From a perspective of the mechanisms by which contact lens wear sometimes renders the cornea susceptible to infection, the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is utilized because it is the leading cause of lens-related microbial keratitis.

TL;DR: Descriptions of commonly studied rat and mouse glaucoma models include intraocular pressure (IOP)-dependent and pressure-independent models, which address the most important risk factor of elevated IOP, whereas the pressure- independent models assess "normal tension" glaucolysis and other "non-IOP" related factors associated withglaucomatous damage.

TL;DR: Results from currently available studies demonstrating the delivery of EV/exosomes into the eye can elicit significant therapeutic effects in several models of retinal disease are summarized.

TL;DR: The potential of the innate immune response as a biomarker and therapeutic target in both ocular immune regulation and inflammatory retinal diseases is described.

TL;DR: Viable alternatives for integrated data analysis are proposed that aim to overcome the limitations of standard statistical approaches and enable individually tailored precision medicine in ophthalmology.

TL;DR: The reinvigoration of stromal keratophakia with the emergence of advanced femtosecond laser technologies is discussed, including the basic science and clinical applications of femtosescond laser-assisted stromAL keratoplasty, methods to decellularize, cryopreserved, and transport the refractive lenticule, lenticules banking, and regulatory framework that oversees the distribution and clinical translation.

TL;DR: Non-invasive imaging diagnostic signs of inflammation can be very useful to clinicians seeking to make a diagnosis and can represent a dataset for machine learning to offer a more empirical approach to the detection of posterior uveitis.

TL;DR: Improved understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of Vision Degrading Myodesopsia should result in prevention, the ultimate goal of modern Medicine.

TL;DR: A comprehensive summary of the principles and practice of quantitative fundus autofluorescence is provided and recent efforts to elucidate retinal disease processes by combining qAF with multi-modal imaging are highlighted.

TL;DR: It is proposed that mutations leading to granular corneal dystrophy (GCD) decrease the solubility of TGFBIp and affect the interactions between TGF BIp and components of the corneaal stroma, whereas mutations associated with lattice cornean dystrophies (LCD) lead to a destabilization of the protein that disrupts proteolytic turnover, especially by the serine protease HtrA1.

TL;DR: Mechanisms of protein modifications such as deamidation, racemization, truncation, and protein-protein crosslinking are presented and the implications of such mechanisms for other long-lived proteins in other tissues are discussed in the context of age-related neurological diseases.

TL;DR: Owing to its often persistent and medically refractory visual sequelae, reconsideration of key aspects of EKC disease biology is warranted to identify new treatment targets to curb its worldwide socioeconomic burden.

TL;DR: The current work highlights the important role of melatonin and its analogues in the healthy and in the glaucomatous eyes, with special attention to the control of intraocular pressure.

TL;DR: The first systematic comparison of MAMs in human and mouse is made, establishing the basis for using knockout mice for investigations with the complexity of an in vivo system and findings from human genetics/genomics are discussed, which are providing clues to new MAM roles previously unimagined.