Showing papers in "Seminars in Immunology in 2004"

TL;DR: Toll-like receptors have been established to play an essential role in the activation of innate immunity by recognizing specific patterns of microbial components and TIR domain-containing adaptors provide specificity of TLR signaling.

TL;DR: It is proposed the existence of two general subsets of CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells, naturally-occurring and induced, that differ in their origin, developmental and activation requirements, and mechanism of action.

TL;DR: It appears that stronger stimulation has a greater and more rapid effect on the T-resp cell than on theT-reg cell as it causes T-rep cells to quickly become resistant to suppression and the details of in vitro culture conditions may at least partially account for disparate findings.

TL;DR: Studying the complexity of DC responses to TLR ligands illuminates the link between innate recognition and adaptive immunity, paving the way for improved vaccines and strategies to induce tolerance to autoantigens or allografis.

TL;DR: The current understanding of the generation and maintenance of B cell and T cell memory is reviewed.

TL;DR: Tr1 or Th3 cells are capable of suppressing Th1 and Th2 responses and function in infection to limit pathogen-induced immunopathology, but can be exploited in therapies for immune-mediated diseases.

TL;DR: Progress has been made in this area over the past several years, and new human studies have added key insights into the longevity of B and T cell immune memory in the absence of antigen.

TL;DR: Although Toll-like receptors have evolved to induce protective immune responses, under some circumstances, activation of these receptors may lead to autoimmune diseases.

TL;DR: Recent studies demonstrate that formation and maturation of CpG DNA-containing endosomes are regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3 kinases and the Ras-associated GTP-binding protein, Rab5, which are essential for the initiation of TLR9-mediated signaling.

TL;DR: The possibility to manipulate DCs in vivo using more or less conventional low molecular weight drugs, enabling them to exert tolerogenic activities, could be exploited to better control a variety of chronic inflammatory conditions, from autoimmune diseases to allograft rejection.

TL;DR: It is suggested that CD4 cells act as direct effectors in protection against influenza, may contribute to immunopathology and generate functionally distinct memory subsets.

TL;DR: It is proposed that regulatory T-cells mediating transplantion tolerance comprise two sets which can functionally complement each other, one of which arises in the thymus, and is preoccupied with self-antigens expressed at sites of inflammation.

TL;DR: Although at least some fishes are likely to undergo SHM, CSR is highly unlikely to occur in this group, and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which is essential for CSR and somatic hypermutation, is found in fishes.

TL;DR: The modulation of TLR activation can influence the ability to properly destroy invading pathogens such as mycobacteria.

TL;DR: It is proposed that T-cell differentiation subsets in human viral infection should be regarded as distinct from the current definitions of memory and effector cells; further work is needed to reveal the role of the differentiation process in anti-viral immunity.

TL;DR: The structure of SOCS proteins, mechanisms by which they control the JAK-STAT pathway and their role in immune regulation are discussed.

TL;DR: Examples of altered viral pathogenesis occurring as a consequence of heterologous T cell immunity are discussed and models for the maintenance of a dynamic pool of memory cells are proposed.

TL;DR: Drosophila has evolved a potent immune system that is somewhat adapted to the nature of infections through the selective activation of either one of two NF-kappa B-like signalling pathways, the Toll and IMD pathways.

TL;DR: The mechanism by which proximal signaling components connect antigen receptor signaling to CARMA1, and howCARMA1 regulates Bcl10 and MALT1, leading to activation of NF-kappaB are discussed.

TL;DR: Many issues remain to be addressed, including the timing and location of the interactions, the possibility of partial redundancy between related family members and the molecular basis for the specific phenotypes observed in the different gene targeted mice.

TL;DR: The tolerogenic function of dendritic cells has been shown to be dependent on certain maturation stages and subsets of different ontogenies, and can be influenced by immunomodulatory agents.

TL;DR: TLR4-MD-2 contributes to containment of infections by Gram-negative bacteria by activating immune responses by activates immune responses.

TL;DR: These studies suggest that the adoptive transfer of CD4+ T regulatory cells generated ex vivo with IL-2 and TGF-beta as a treatment for autoimmune diseases may have sustained, long-term beneficial effects.

TL;DR: The SLP-76 family of adapters as mentioned in this paper includes SH2 domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76kDa, B cell linker protein (BLNK), and cytokine-dependent hematopoietic cell linkers (Clnk), which are critical for integration of numerous signaling cascades downstream of immunotyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-bearing receptors and integrins.

TL;DR: The sequencing of the human genome, in concert with emerging genomic and proteomic technologies permits the definition of a complete and dynamic parts list of the immune and inflammatory systems, which will for the first time provide a comprehensive description of these complex biological processes.

TL;DR: Various approaches are being applied in jawless vertebrates, protochordates and other invertebrate deuterostome model systems in order to examine both RAG-mediated and alternative forms of antigen receptor diversification, which have uncovered previously unknown mechanisms of generating receptor diversity.

TL;DR: This review discusses the structure of antigen receptor genes and the mechanisms by which they are assembled and diversified, and then goes on to consider the evolutionary implications of the arrival of the hypothetical "RAG transposon".

TL;DR: It is postulated that in the primary repertoire, all or most antigen receptors have a bipartite binding site, in which diverse CDR3 loops act as a highly antigen specific 'core' whereas other CDRs bind in a largely opportunistic fashion.

TL;DR: Recent developments in T cell-receptor signal transduction as they pertain to memory T cells are discussed, and how signal dampening may drive memory generation, and more efficient spatial organization of signaling molecules may promote rapid recall responses are discussed.