Showing papers in "Trends in Neurosciences in 1997"

TL;DR: The functional and neuroanatomical data obtained suggest that disease processes involving inappropriate stress control involve dysfunction of processive stress pathways.

TL;DR: Reactive astrocytes should be considered a key element, like neurons, of a dynamic environment, thus forming with neurons a functional unit involved in homeostasis, plasticity and neurotransmission.

TL;DR: First near-infrared imaging devices are being applied successfully for low-resolution functional brain imaging andvantages of the optical methods include biochemical specificity, a temporal resolution in the millisecond range, the potential of measuring intracellular and intravascular events simultaneously and the portability of the devices enabling bedside examinations.

TL;DR: It is argued that genetic and molecular biological data provide strong support for the veracity of the 'amyloid cascade hypothesis' for disease pathogenesis, and that this hypothesis offers a coherent framework for drug discovery.

TL;DR: Results suggest that the best stimulus for exciting a cell (that is, a neural code) is coincident bursts, which provide more-precise information than action potentials that arrive singly.

TL;DR: Nicotinic ACh receptors in the CNS are composed of a diverse array of subunits and have a range of pharmacological properties but despite the fact that they are ligand-gated cation channels, their physiological functions have not been determined.

TL;DR: In transgenic mice, overexpression of GAP-43 leads to the spontaneous formation of new synapses and enhanced sprouting after injury, and the protein might play an important role in mediating experience-dependent plasticity.

TL;DR: Anatomical, electrophysiological, psychophysical and brain-imaging studies have contributed to elucidating the functional organization of visual confusions, finding that dyslexics may be unable to process fast incoming sensory information adequately in any domain.

TL;DR: Defining the role of NO in cerebral ischemia provides the rationale for new neuroprotective strategies based on modulation of NO production in the post-ischemic brain.

TL;DR: NF-kB can be considered as one of the most important transcription factors characterized in brain to date and it might be as crucial for neuronal and glial cell function as it is for immune cells.

TL;DR: These findings suggest that after the stimulus enters the amygdala, the highly organized intra-amygdaloid circuitries provide a pathway by which the representation of a stimulus becomes distributed in parallel to various amygdaloids nuclei.

TL;DR: Three typical experiments are discussed that illustrate the potential of the slice-culture technique and indicate that, due to their high neuronal connectivity, slice cultures provide a very useful tool for studying the properties of synaptic transmission between monosynaptically coupled cell pairs.

TL;DR: Determining the mechanisms underlying the development of this 'ménage à trois' will shed light not only on the wide range of trophic roles of glutamate and GABA in the developing brain, but also on the significance of the transition from neonatal to adult forms of plasticity.

TL;DR: Experiments using simultaneous patch-pipette recordings show that the site of action potential initiation is in the axon, even when synaptic activation is powerful enough to elicit dendritic electrogenesis, and that following initiation, action potentials actively backpropagate into the dendrites of many neuronal types, providing a retrograde signal of neuronal output to thedendritic tree.

TL;DR: Computational neuroethology, which jointly models neural control and periphery of animals, is a promising methodology for understanding adaptive behavior.

TL;DR: The mammalian cerebral cortex generates a variety of rhythmic oscillations, detectable directly from the cortex or the scalp as mentioned in this paper, which can be related to periodic activity of peripheral sensor and effector organs.

TL;DR: Evidence at synapses suggests that inhibition of presynaptic voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels plays the major role inPresynaptic inhibition of elicited neurotransmitter release, and modulation of the release machinery might contribute to inhibition of elicit release.

TL;DR: Observations suggest that downregulation of gluR2 gene expression may serve as a 'molecular switch' leading to the formation of Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors and enhanced toxicity of endogenous glutamate following a neurological insult.

TL;DR: The Y-receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and mediate a wide variety of physiological effects, such as regulation of blood pressure, anxiety, memory retention, hormone release and food intake.

TL;DR: The functional characteristics of c-Jun offer a model for the ability of a single molecule to serve as pivotal regulator for death or survival, not only in the response of the cell body to axonal lesions but also following neurodegenerative disorders.

TL;DR: Dynamic aspects of the body schema are revealed by spontaneous sensations from a lost body part as well as by orderly phantom sensations elicited by stimulation of body areas away from the amputation line and even by visual stimulation.

TL;DR: Three new classes of proteins have been identified in the postsynaptic density at glutamatergic synapses: the PSD-95 family, the NR2B subunit of the NMDA-type glutamate receptor, and densin-180, which might represent a new class of synaptic adhesion molecule.

TL;DR: The dorsal visual pathway is divided into at least two subsystems, V5A, PP and VIP areas for motion vision and V6, LIP and cIPS areas for coding position and 3-D features.

TL;DR: The hypothesis that NO plays an important role in synaptic transmission is supported and some but not all previously contradictory results are explained.

TL;DR: Bone morphogenetic proteins act on more lineage-restricted embryonic CNS progenitor cells to promote regional neuronal survival and cellular differentiation and induce selective apoptosis of discrete rhombencephalic neural crest-associated cellular populations.

TL;DR: Individuals who develop schizophrenic symptoms show lesser anatomical and functional asymmetries than the population as a whole; such symptoms may reflect 'dominance failure' for language.

TL;DR: Eyeblink conditioning in spontaneous mutant mice deficit in Purkinje cells indicate that both the cerebellar cortex and the interpositus nucleus are important, and studies involving gene knockout mice suggest that long-term depression, a process of synaptic plasticity occurring in Pur Kinje cells, might be involved in eyeblink conditioning.

TL;DR: Both models reveal the effects of very early manipulation of monoamines on forebrain development, and the long-term anomalies that persist into adulthood.

TL;DR: A simple model is used which predicts that, during concentrated synaptic activity, crosstalk between distinct synapses is likely to activate high-affinity receptors and may also desensitize certain receptors.