A global assessment of the social and conservation outcomes of protected areas
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TLDR
Whereas the strictest regimes of PA management attempted to exclude anthropogenic influences to achieve biological conservation objectives, PAs that explicitly integrated local people as stakeholders tended to be more effective at achieving joint biological conservation and socioeconomic development outcomes.Abstract:
Protected areas (PAs) are a key strategy for protecting biological resources, but they vary considerably in their effectiveness and are frequently reported as having negative impacts on local people. This has contributed to a divisive and unresolved debate concerning the compatibility of environmental and socioeconomic development goals. Elucidating the relationship between positive and negative social impacts and conservation outcomes of PAs is key for the development of more effective and socially just conservation. We conducted a global meta-analysis on 165 PAs using data from 171 published studies. We assessed how PAs affect the well-being of local people, the factors associated with these impacts, and crucially the relationship between PAs' conservation and socioeconomic outcomes. Protected areas associated with positive socioeconomic outcomes were more likely to report positive conservation outcomes. Positive conservation and socioeconomic outcomes were more likely to occur when PAs adopted comanagement regimes, empowered local people, reduced economic inequalities, and maintained cultural and livelihood benefits. Whereas the strictest regimes of PA management attempted to exclude anthropogenic influences to achieve biological conservation objectives, PAs that explicitly integrated local people as stakeholders tended to be more effective at achieving joint biological conservation and socioeconomic development outcomes. Strict protection may be needed in some circumstances, yet our results demonstrate that conservation and development objectives can be synergistic and highlight management strategies that increase the probability of maximizing both conservation performance and development outcomes of PAs.read more
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Conservation social science: understanding and integrating human dimensions to improve conservation
Nathan J. Bennett,Nathan J. Bennett,Nathan J. Bennett,Robin Roth,Sarah C. Klain,Kai M. A. Chan,Patrick Christie,Douglas A. Clark,Georgina Cullman,Deborah Curran,Trevor J. Durbin,Graham Epstein,Alison Greenberg,Michael Paul Nelson,John Sandlos,Richard C. Stedman,Tara L. Teel,Rebecca E. W. Thomas,Diogo Veríssimo,Carina Wyborn +19 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the scope and purpose of eighteen subfields of classic, interdisciplinary and applied conservation social sciences and articulates ten distinct contributions that the social sciences can make to understanding and improving conservation.
Protected Planet Report 2014
Diego Juffe-Bignoli,Neil D. Burgess,Heather Bingham,Elise M. S. Belle,M.G. de Lima,Marine Deguignet,Bastian Bertzky,Amy Milam,Javier Martínez-López,Edward Lewis,April Eassom,Sylvia Wicander,Jonas Geldmann,A. van Soesbergen,Andy Arnell,Brian O'Connor,Sun Hwa Park,Y.N. Shi,Fiona Danks,Brian MacSharry,Naomi Kingston +20 more
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Area-based conservation in the twenty-first century
Sean L. Maxwell,Victor Cazalis,Nigel Dudley,Michael R. Hoffmann,Ana S. L. Rodrigues,Sue Stolton,Piero Visconti,Piero Visconti,Piero Visconti,Stephen Woodley,Naomi Kingston,Edward Lewis,Martine Maron,Bernardo B. N. Strassburg,Bernardo B. N. Strassburg,Bernardo B. N. Strassburg,Amelia S. Wenger,Amelia S. Wenger,Harry Jonas,Oscar Venter,James E. M. Watson,James E. M. Watson +21 more
TL;DR: To be more successful after 2020, area-based conservation must contribute more effectively to meeting global biodiversity goals-ranging from preventing extinctions to retaining the most-intact ecosystems-and must better collaborate with the many Indigenous peoples, community groups and private initiatives that are central to the successful conservation of biodiversity.
Journal ArticleDOI
A global-level assessment of the effectiveness of protected areas at resisting anthropogenic pressures.
TL;DR: This analysis of protected areas across 152 countries finds that compared with matched unprotected areas, PAs have on average not reduced a compound index of pressure change over the past 15 y, and cautions against the rapid establishment of new PAs without simultaneously addressing the conditions needed to enable their success.
Journal ArticleDOI
Farming approaches for greater biodiversity, livelihoods, and food security
Lucas Alejandro Garibaldi,Barbara Gemmill-Herren,Raffaele D’Annolfo,Benjamin E. Graeub,Saul A. Cunningham,Tom D. Breeze +5 more
TL;DR: Evidence is urgently needed to direct science-policy initiatives, such as the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, based on quantitative evidence of the impacts of conventional intensification on biodiversity loss and greenhouse gas emissions.
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