Journal ArticleDOI
A review of the properties and limitations of the Ashworth and modified Ashworth Scales as measures of spasticity
Anand Pandyan,Garth R. Johnson,Christopher Price,Richard Curless,Michael P. Barnes,Helen Rodgers +5 more
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TLDR
The application of both scales would suggest that confusion exists on their characteristics and limitations as measures of spasticity, and there is a need to standardize methods to apply these scales in clinical practice and research.Abstract:
Background: The Ashworth Scale and the modified Ashworth Scale are the primary clinical measures of spasticity. A prerequisite for using any scale is a knowledge of its characteristics and limitations, as these will play a part in analysing and interpreting the data. Despite the current emphasis on treating spasticity, clinicians rarely measure it.Objectives: To determine the validity and the reliability of the Ashworth and modified Ashworth Scales.Study design: A theoretical analysis following a structured literature review (key words: Ashworth; Spasticity; Measurement) of 40 papers selected from the BIDS-EMBASE, First Search and Medline databases.Conclusions: The application of both scales would suggest that confusion exists on their characteristics and limitations as measures of spasticity. Resistance to passive movement is a complex measure that will be influenced by many factors, only one of which could be spasticity. The Ashworth Scale (AS) can be used as an ordinal level measure of resistance to pa...read more
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MS Spasticity: Take Control (STC) for ambulatory adults: protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Cinda L Hugos,Michelle Cameron +1 more
TL;DR: A fully-powered trial is carried out to evaluate the effect of STC compared to a comparably delivered control program on the impact and severity of spasticity in people with MS and self-reported lower extremitySpasticity.
Brain lesions developing spasticity
TL;DR: Poster: "ECR 2012 / C-1737 / Brain lesions developing spasticity" by M. Bertoni, M. Sakel, and I. Hojattoleslami.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effect of 'hand and foot acupuncture with twelve needles' on hemiplegia patients with 'qi deficiency and blood stasis' syndrome in the convalescent stage of Ischaemic stroke: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
Wei-Hao Fang,Gui-Ling Wang,Qiang Liu,Xiao Ding,Zhen-Yao Wang,Xin-Wei Wang,Xiao-Wei Yang,Yang Yang,Da-Wei Zhang,Qing Wei,Hu Zhang +10 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the efficacy and safety of hand and foot acupuncture with twelve needles for hemiplegia in the convalescent stage of ischaemic stroke.
Journal ArticleDOI
The influence of preoperative knee flexion contracture severity on short-term outcome of orthopedic surgery in ambulatory children with bilateral cerebral palsy
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of none or mild, and moderate preoperative knee flexion contracture on the improvement of gait after orthopedic surgery in children with bilateral cerebral palsy was determined.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bei Cannabis auf BTM-Rezept Haftungs- und Regressrisiko beachten
TL;DR: Dieser zweite Teil behandelt die praktische Anwendung von Cannabisprodukten und die rechtlichen Aspekte von BTM-Status über Fahreignung, Produkthaftung bis zur Patientenaufklärung and Regressgefahr.
References
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Book
Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences
TL;DR: This is the revision of the classic text in the field, adding two new chapters and thoroughly updating all others as discussed by the authors, and the original structure is retained, and the book continues to serve as a combined text/reference.
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An introduction to categorical data analysis
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a tour of categorical data analysis for Contingency Tables and Logit and Loglinear models for contingency tables, as well as generalized linear models for Matched Pairs.
Journal ArticleDOI
Interrater Reliability of a Modified Ashworth Scale of Muscle Spasticity
TL;DR: The relationship between the raters' judgments was significant and the reliability was good, and it is believed these results to be positive enough to encourage further trials of the modified Ashworth scale for grading spasticity.
Book
An Introduction to Medical Statistics
TL;DR: The design of experiments, analysis of the means of small samples using the t-c Distribution, and selection of the statistical method for clinical measurement and the structure of human populations are reviewed.
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TL;DR: In this article, the multivariate normal distribution is used for principal component analysis and multivariate analysis of covariance and related topics, as well as multi-dimensional scaling and cluster analysis.