Journal ArticleDOI
A review of the properties and limitations of the Ashworth and modified Ashworth Scales as measures of spasticity
Anand Pandyan,Garth R. Johnson,Christopher Price,Richard Curless,Michael P. Barnes,Helen Rodgers +5 more
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TLDR
The application of both scales would suggest that confusion exists on their characteristics and limitations as measures of spasticity, and there is a need to standardize methods to apply these scales in clinical practice and research.Abstract:
Background: The Ashworth Scale and the modified Ashworth Scale are the primary clinical measures of spasticity. A prerequisite for using any scale is a knowledge of its characteristics and limitations, as these will play a part in analysing and interpreting the data. Despite the current emphasis on treating spasticity, clinicians rarely measure it.Objectives: To determine the validity and the reliability of the Ashworth and modified Ashworth Scales.Study design: A theoretical analysis following a structured literature review (key words: Ashworth; Spasticity; Measurement) of 40 papers selected from the BIDS-EMBASE, First Search and Medline databases.Conclusions: The application of both scales would suggest that confusion exists on their characteristics and limitations as measures of spasticity. Resistance to passive movement is a complex measure that will be influenced by many factors, only one of which could be spasticity. The Ashworth Scale (AS) can be used as an ordinal level measure of resistance to pa...read more
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Book ChapterDOI
Spinal Cord Injury: experimental animal models and relation to human therapy
TL;DR: The aims are to better understand the acute and chronic morphological, cellular and molecular consequences of SCI, and with this information develop and test new therapies to enhance anatomical repair and functional recovery.
Journal ArticleDOI
Artificial Neural Network Learns Clinical Assessment of Spasticity in Modified Ashworth Scale
Jeong-Ho Park,Yushin Kim,Kwang-Jae Lee,Yong-Soon Yoon,Si Hyun Kang,Heesang Kim,Hyung-Soon Park +6 more
TL;DR: AI can successfully learn clinical assessment of spasticity with good agreement with multiple human raters and to analyze how various biomechanical parameters affect scores in modified Ashworth scale (MAS).
Journal ArticleDOI
A Multicentre, Double-Blind, Randomised, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Study of Effect of Long-Term Sativex Treatment on Cognition and Mood of Patients with Spasticity Due to Multiple Sclerosis
Marta Vachová,Alena Novotná,Jan Mares,Radomír Taláb,Jiří Fiedler,Heather Lauder,Lesley Taylor,Tilden Etges,Stephen Wright,Iveta Nováková +9 more
TL;DR: Long-term treatment with Sativex was not associated with cognitive decline or significant changes in mood in this prone population sample and no new safety concerns were identified.
Journal ArticleDOI
End-point kinematics using virtual reality explaining upper limb impairment and activity capacity in stroke.
TL;DR: Kinematic variables of movement time, velocity and smoothness explain only a part of the variance captured by using clinical observational scales, reinforcing the importance of multi-level assessment using both kinematic analysis and clinical scales in upper limb evaluation after stroke.
Journal ArticleDOI
Quality of life and costs of spasticity treatment in German stroke patients
TL;DR: Higher responder rates, higher increases in quality of life and superior cost-utility ratios in the BoNT/A-treatment group underline guideline recommendations for botulinum toxin A treatment in focal or segmental spasticity.
References
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Book
Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences
TL;DR: This is the revision of the classic text in the field, adding two new chapters and thoroughly updating all others as discussed by the authors, and the original structure is retained, and the book continues to serve as a combined text/reference.
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An introduction to categorical data analysis
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a tour of categorical data analysis for Contingency Tables and Logit and Loglinear models for contingency tables, as well as generalized linear models for Matched Pairs.
Journal ArticleDOI
Interrater Reliability of a Modified Ashworth Scale of Muscle Spasticity
TL;DR: The relationship between the raters' judgments was significant and the reliability was good, and it is believed these results to be positive enough to encourage further trials of the modified Ashworth scale for grading spasticity.
Book
An Introduction to Medical Statistics
TL;DR: The design of experiments, analysis of the means of small samples using the t-c Distribution, and selection of the statistical method for clinical measurement and the structure of human populations are reviewed.
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Introduction to multivariate analysis
TL;DR: In this article, the multivariate normal distribution is used for principal component analysis and multivariate analysis of covariance and related topics, as well as multi-dimensional scaling and cluster analysis.