Journal ArticleDOI
A review of the properties and limitations of the Ashworth and modified Ashworth Scales as measures of spasticity
Anand Pandyan,Garth R. Johnson,Christopher Price,Richard Curless,Michael P. Barnes,Helen Rodgers +5 more
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TLDR
The application of both scales would suggest that confusion exists on their characteristics and limitations as measures of spasticity, and there is a need to standardize methods to apply these scales in clinical practice and research.Abstract:
Background: The Ashworth Scale and the modified Ashworth Scale are the primary clinical measures of spasticity. A prerequisite for using any scale is a knowledge of its characteristics and limitations, as these will play a part in analysing and interpreting the data. Despite the current emphasis on treating spasticity, clinicians rarely measure it.Objectives: To determine the validity and the reliability of the Ashworth and modified Ashworth Scales.Study design: A theoretical analysis following a structured literature review (key words: Ashworth; Spasticity; Measurement) of 40 papers selected from the BIDS-EMBASE, First Search and Medline databases.Conclusions: The application of both scales would suggest that confusion exists on their characteristics and limitations as measures of spasticity. Resistance to passive movement is a complex measure that will be influenced by many factors, only one of which could be spasticity. The Ashworth Scale (AS) can be used as an ordinal level measure of resistance to pa...read more
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On spasticity in spinal cord injury : the challenge of measurement and the role of novel intervention (Segway)
TL;DR: Thesis is presented as a monograph on the history of spinal cord injury and its causes, as well as some of the treatments available today.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effectiveness of action observation therapy based on virtual reality technology in the motor rehabilitation of paretic stroke patients: a randomized clinical trial
TL;DR: Action observation therapy (AOT) is based on the discovery of mirror neurons and has been used to improve the motor functions of adult stroke patients and children with cerebral palsy as discussed by the authors .
Journal ArticleDOI
Brief report: Preliminary study on evaluation of spasticity in patients with brain lesions using mechanomyography.
TL;DR: Patients suspected to have spasticity of 0 to 1+ grade can be quantitatively evaluated using the normalized hull area ratio, which can be used as an additional clinical indicator for spasticsity evaluation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Towards a clinically compliant upper limb part-task trainer in simulated learning program
Nurul Atiqah Othman,Noor Ayuni Che Zakaria,Cheng Yee Low,Fazah Akhtar Hanapiah,Takashi Komeda,Kaoru Inoue +5 more
TL;DR: The research urgency in therapist education tools for upper limb rehabilitation training is revealed and the significance of having compliance with clinical assessment scales is pointed out.
References
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Book
Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences
TL;DR: This is the revision of the classic text in the field, adding two new chapters and thoroughly updating all others as discussed by the authors, and the original structure is retained, and the book continues to serve as a combined text/reference.
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An introduction to categorical data analysis
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a tour of categorical data analysis for Contingency Tables and Logit and Loglinear models for contingency tables, as well as generalized linear models for Matched Pairs.
Journal ArticleDOI
Interrater Reliability of a Modified Ashworth Scale of Muscle Spasticity
TL;DR: The relationship between the raters' judgments was significant and the reliability was good, and it is believed these results to be positive enough to encourage further trials of the modified Ashworth scale for grading spasticity.
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An Introduction to Medical Statistics
TL;DR: The design of experiments, analysis of the means of small samples using the t-c Distribution, and selection of the statistical method for clinical measurement and the structure of human populations are reviewed.
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TL;DR: In this article, the multivariate normal distribution is used for principal component analysis and multivariate analysis of covariance and related topics, as well as multi-dimensional scaling and cluster analysis.