Journal ArticleDOI
A review of the properties and limitations of the Ashworth and modified Ashworth Scales as measures of spasticity
Anand Pandyan,Garth R. Johnson,Christopher Price,Richard Curless,Michael P. Barnes,Helen Rodgers +5 more
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TLDR
The application of both scales would suggest that confusion exists on their characteristics and limitations as measures of spasticity, and there is a need to standardize methods to apply these scales in clinical practice and research.Abstract:
Background: The Ashworth Scale and the modified Ashworth Scale are the primary clinical measures of spasticity. A prerequisite for using any scale is a knowledge of its characteristics and limitations, as these will play a part in analysing and interpreting the data. Despite the current emphasis on treating spasticity, clinicians rarely measure it.Objectives: To determine the validity and the reliability of the Ashworth and modified Ashworth Scales.Study design: A theoretical analysis following a structured literature review (key words: Ashworth; Spasticity; Measurement) of 40 papers selected from the BIDS-EMBASE, First Search and Medline databases.Conclusions: The application of both scales would suggest that confusion exists on their characteristics and limitations as measures of spasticity. Resistance to passive movement is a complex measure that will be influenced by many factors, only one of which could be spasticity. The Ashworth Scale (AS) can be used as an ordinal level measure of resistance to pa...read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of Sativex, in subjects with symptoms of spasticity due to multiple sclerosis.
C. Collin,Edvard Ehler,G. Waberzinek,Z. Alsindi,P. Davies,K. Powell,W.G. Notcutt,C. O'Leary,S. Ratcliffe,I. Novakova,O. Zapletalova,J. Piková,Zdeněk Ambler +12 more
TL;DR: The 0–10 NRS and responder PP analyses demonstrated that Sativex treatment resulted in a significant reduction in treatment-resistant spasticity, in subjects with advanced MS and severeSpasticity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Systematic review of outcome measures used in the evaluation of robot-assisted upper limb exercise in stroke.
TL;DR: Standard-ized rating identified that FM, kinematic measures, Action Research Arm Test, Wolf Motor Function Test, FIMTM, and ABILHAND have adequate measurement properties for use in RAET.
Journal ArticleDOI
Reliability of Ashworth and Modified Ashworth Scales in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy
TL;DR: The interrater and intrarater reliability of AS and MAS are not very reliable and assessments of spasticity using these scales should be interpreted with great caution.
Journal ArticleDOI
Examining Diagnostic Tests: An Evidence-Based Perspective
Julie M. Fritz,Robert S. Wainner +1 more
TL;DR: An evidence-based perspective on the diagnostic process in physical therapy is presented and issues relevant to the appraisal of evidence regarding diagnostic tests and integration of the evidence into patient management are presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
Validity, reliability, and clinical importance of change in a 0-10 numeric rating scale measure of spasticity: a post hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
TL;DR: The measurement of the symptom of spasticity using a patient-rated 0-10 NRS using a clinically important difference and a minimal CID as anchored to the patient's global impression of change (PGIC) was found to be both reliable and valid.
References
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Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences
TL;DR: This is the revision of the classic text in the field, adding two new chapters and thoroughly updating all others as discussed by the authors, and the original structure is retained, and the book continues to serve as a combined text/reference.
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An introduction to categorical data analysis
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a tour of categorical data analysis for Contingency Tables and Logit and Loglinear models for contingency tables, as well as generalized linear models for Matched Pairs.
Journal ArticleDOI
Interrater Reliability of a Modified Ashworth Scale of Muscle Spasticity
TL;DR: The relationship between the raters' judgments was significant and the reliability was good, and it is believed these results to be positive enough to encourage further trials of the modified Ashworth scale for grading spasticity.
Book
An Introduction to Medical Statistics
TL;DR: The design of experiments, analysis of the means of small samples using the t-c Distribution, and selection of the statistical method for clinical measurement and the structure of human populations are reviewed.
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Introduction to multivariate analysis
TL;DR: In this article, the multivariate normal distribution is used for principal component analysis and multivariate analysis of covariance and related topics, as well as multi-dimensional scaling and cluster analysis.