Actin, a Central Player in Cell Shape and Movement
Thomas D. Pollard,John A. Cooper +1 more
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TLDR
Comparisons of quantitative measurements of reactions in live cells with computer simulations of mathematical models will help generate meaningful insights and present a summary of the key questions in the field.Abstract:
The protein actin forms filaments that provide cells with mechanical support and driving forces for movement. Actin contributes to biological processes such as sensing environmental forces, internalizing membrane vesicles, moving over surfaces, and dividing the cell in two. These cellular activities are complex; they depend on interactions of actin monomers and filaments with numerous other proteins. Here, we present a summary of the key questions in the field and suggest how those questions might be answered. Understanding actin-based biological phenomena will depend on identifying the participating molecules and defining their molecular mechanisms. Comparisons of quantitative measurements of reactions in live cells with computer simulations of mathematical models will also help generate meaningful insights.read more
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A Mechanical Checkpoint Controls Multicellular Growth through YAP/TAZ Regulation by Actin-Processing Factors
Mariaceleste Aragona,Tito Panciera,Andrea Manfrin,Stefano Giulitti,Federica Michielin,Nicola Elvassore,Sirio Dupont,Stefano Piccolo +7 more
TL;DR: It is reported that physical and architectural features of a multicellular sheet inform cells about their proliferative capacity through mechanical regulation of YAP and TAZ, known mediators of Hippo signaling and organ growth.
Journal ArticleDOI
Actin, Spectrin, and Associated Proteins Form a Periodic Cytoskeletal Structure in Axons
TL;DR: Surprisingly, while actin in dendrites formed long filaments, the act in axons was organized into evenly spaced ringlike structures at the axon circumference that wrapped around the circumference of axons and were evenly spaced along axonal shafts with a periodicity of ~180 to 190 nanometers.
Journal ArticleDOI
Complex archaea that bridge the gap between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Anja Spang,Jimmy H. Saw,Steffen Leth Jørgensen,Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka,Joran Martijn,Anders E. Lind,Roel van Eijk,Christa Schleper,Christa Schleper,Lionel Guy,Lionel Guy,Thijs J. G. Ettema +11 more
TL;DR: The discovery of ‘Lokiarchaeota’ is described, a novel candidate archaeal phylum which forms a monophyletic group with eukaryotes in phylogenomic analyses, and whose genomes encode an expanded repertoire of eUKaryotic signature proteins that are suggestive of sophisticated membrane remodelling capabilities.
Journal ArticleDOI
Actin stress fibers--assembly, dynamics and biological roles.
Abstract: Actin filaments assemble into diverse protrusive and contractile structures to provide force for a number of vital cellular processes. Stress fibers are contractile actomyosin bundles found in many cultured non-muscle cells, where they have a central role in cell adhesion and morphogenesis. Focal-adhesion-anchored stress fibers also have an important role in mechanotransduction. In animal tissues, stress fibers are especially abundant in endothelial cells, myofibroblasts and epithelial cells. Importantly, recent live-cell imaging studies have provided new information regarding the mechanisms of stress fiber assembly and how their contractility is regulated in cells. In addition, these studies might elucidate the general mechanisms by which contractile actomyosin arrays, including muscle cell myofibrils and cytokinetic contractile ring, can be generated in cells. In this Commentary, we discuss recent findings concerning the physiological roles of stress fibers and the mechanism by which these structures are generated in cells.
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The front and rear of collective cell migration
TL;DR: The recent studies have described how leader cells at the front of cell groups drive migration and have highlighted the importance of follower cells and cell-cell communication, both between followers and between follower and leader cells, to improve the efficiency of collective movement.
References
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Cell migration: integrating signals from front to back.
Anne J. Ridley,Martin A. Schwartz,Keith Burridge,Richard A. Firtel,Mark H. Ginsberg,Gary G. Borisy,J. Thomas Parsons,Alan Rick Horwitz +7 more
TL;DR: The mechanisms underlying the major steps of migration and the signaling pathways that regulate them are described, and recent advances investigating the nature of polarity in migrating cells and the pathways that establish it are outlined.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cellular Motility Driven by Assembly and Disassembly of Actin Filaments
Thomas D. Pollard,Gary G. Borisy +1 more
TL;DR: A core set of proteins including actin, Arp2/3 complex, profilin, capping protein, and ADF/cofilin can reconstitute the process in vitro, and mathematical models of the constituent reactions predict the rate of motion.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mechanisms of Endocytosis
TL;DR: What is known about mammalian endocytic mechanisms is reviewed, with focus on the cellular proteins that control these events, and the functional relevance of distinctendocytic pathways is discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Growth Factors, Matrices, and Forces Combine and Control Stem Cells
TL;DR: Multifaceted technologies are increasingly required to produce and interrogate cells ex vivo, to build predictive models, and, ultimately, to enhance stem cell integration in vivo for therapeutic benefit.
Journal ArticleDOI
Regulation of Actin Filament Assembly by Arp2/3 Complex and Formins
TL;DR: This review summarizes what is known about the biochemical and biophysical mechanisms that initiate the assembly of actin filaments in cells and focuses on Arp2/3 complex and formins.
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Cellular Motility Driven by Assembly and Disassembly of Actin Filaments
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