Proceedings ArticleDOI
Affordable and Lightweight High-Resolution X-ray Optics for Astronomical Missions
William W. Zhang,Michael P. Biskach,Vincent T. Bly,J. M. Carter,Kai-Wing Chan,Jessica A. Gaskin,M. Hong,B. R. Hohl,William D. Jones,Jeffery J. Kolodziejczak +9 more
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In this paper, the authors report on progress of an x-ray optics development program that has been designed to address all of these requirements, including fabrication of mirror substrates, coating, alignment, bonding, and testing.Abstract:
Future x-ray astronomical missions require x-ray mirror assemblies that provide both high angular resolution and large photon collecting area. In addition, as x-ray astronomy undertakes more sensitive sky surveys, a large field of view is becoming increasingly important as well. Since implementation of these requirements must be carried out in broad political and economical contexts, any technology that meets these performance requirements must also be financially affordable and can be implemented on a reasonable schedule. In this paper we report on progress of an x-ray optics development program that has been designed to address all of these requirements. The program adopts the segmented optical design, thereby is capable of making both small and large mirror assemblies for missions of any size. This program has five technical elements: (1) fabrication of mirror substrates, (2) coating, (3) alignment, (4) bonding, and (5) mirror module systems engineering and testing. In the past year we have made progress in each of these five areas, advancing the angular resolution of mirror modules from 10.8 arc-seconds half-power diameter reported (HPD) a year ago to 8.3 arc-seconds now. These mirror modules have been subjected to and passed all environmental tests, including vibration, acoustic, and thermal vacuum. As such this technology is ready for implementing a mission that requires a 10-arc-second mirror assembly. Further development in the next two years would make it ready for a mission requiring a 5-arc-second mirror assembly. We expect that, by the end of this decade, this technology would enable the x-ray astrophysical community to compete effectively for a major x-ray mission in the 2020s that would require one or more 1-arc-second mirror assemblies for imaging, spectroscopic, timing, and survey studies.read more
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
The FORCE mission: science aim and instrument parameter for broadband x-ray imaging spectroscopy with good angular resolution
Kazuhiro Nakazawa,Koji Mori,Takeshi Go Tsuru,Yoshihiro Ueda,Hisamitsu Awaki,Yasushi Fukazawa,Manabu Ishida,Hironori Matsumoto,Hiroshi Murakami,Takashi Okajima,Tadayuki Takahashi,Hiroshi Tsunemi,William W. Zhang +12 more
TL;DR: FORCE as discussed by the authors is a 1.2 tonne small mission dedicated for wide-band fine-imaging x-ray observation with a good angular resolution of 15′′ half-power-diameter.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Astronomical x-ray optics using mono-crystalline silicon: high resolution, light weight, and low cost
William W. Zhang,Kim D. Allgood,Michael P. Biskach,Kai-Wing Chan,Kai-Wing Chan,Michal Hlinka,John D. Kearney,James R. Mazzarella,Ryan S. McClelland,Ai Numata,Raul E. Riveros,Raul E. Riveros,Timo T. Saha,Peter M. Solly +13 more
TL;DR: In this article, an approach based on the precision polishing of mono-crystalline silicon to fabricate thin and lightweight X-ray mirrors of the highest figure quality and micro-roughness was proposed.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Toward Large-Area Sub-Arcsecond X-Ray Telescopes
Stephen L. O'Dell,Thomas L. Aldcroft,Ryan Allured,Carolyn Atkins,David N. Burrows,Jian Cao,Brandon D. Chalifoux,Kai Wing Chan,Vincenzo Cotroneo,Ronald F. Elsner,Michael E. Graham,Mikhail V. Gubarev,Ralf K. Heilmann,Raegan L. Johnson-Wilke,Kiranmayee Kilaru,Jeffery J. Kolodziejczak,Charles F. Lillie,Stuart McMuldroch,Brian D. Ramsey,Paul B. Reid,Raul E. Riveros,Jacqueline M. Roche,Timo T. Saha,Mark L. Schattenburg,Daniel A. Schwartz,Susan Trolier-McKinstry,Melville P. Ulmer,Semyon Vaynman,Alexey Vikhlinin,Xiaoli Wang,Martin C. Weisskopf,Rudeger H. T. Wilke,William W. Zhang +32 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review relevant technological and programmatic issues, as well as possible approaches for addressing these issues, including active (in-space adjustable) alignment and figure correction.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Fabrication of single crystal silicon mirror substrates for X-ray astronomical missions
Raul E. Riveros,Vincent T. Bly,Linette D. Kolos,Kevin P. McKeon,James R. Mazzarella,Timothy M. Miller,William W. Zhang +6 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the early pursuit of suitable fabrication technologies for the mass production of sub-arcsecond angular resolution single-crystal silicon mirror substrates for X-ray telescopes.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
The FORCE mission : Science aim and instrument parameter for broadband X-ray imaging spectroscopy with good angular resolution
Kazuhiro Nakazawa,Koji Mori,Takeshi Go Tsuru,Yoshihiro Ueda,Hisamitsu Awaki,Yasushi Fukazawa,Manabu Ishida,Hironori Matsumoto,Hiroshi Murakami,Takashi Okajima,Tadayuki Takahashi,Hiroshi Tsunemi,William W. Zhang +12 more
TL;DR: FORCE as mentioned in this paper is a 1.2 tonne small mission dedicated for wide-band fine-imaging x-ray observation with a good angular resolution of $15"$ half-power-diameter.
References
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
Manufacture of mirror glass substrates for the NuSTAR mission
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
Development of lightweight x-ray mirrors for the Constellation-X mission
William W. Zhang,Kai-Wing Chan,Kai-Wing Chan,Theo Hajimichael,Theo Hajimichael,John P. Lehan,John P. Lehan,Scott M. Owens,Robert Petre,Timo T. Saha,Mikhail V. Gubarev,Mikhail V. Gubarev,William D. Jones,Stephen L. O'Dell +13 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-step mirror fabrication process was proposed to solve the problem of mid-frequency figure errors for NASA's next major X-ray astronomical observatory, the Constellation-X.