Q2. what is the kinase of pseudomonas 22?
The sensor kinase CbrA is a global regulator 21 that modulates metabolism, virulence, and antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas 22 aeruginosa.
Q3. What are the main sources of antibiotic pollution in the open water of streams and rivers?
7 WWTP effluents and run-off from the terrestrial landscape are the main sources for 8 antibiotic pollution (and other micropollutants) in the open water of streams and rivers.
Q4. how many veterinary antibiotics are in the mekong delta?
Distribution of 20 macrolides, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim in tropical waters: Ubiquitous occurrence of 21 veterinary antibiotics in the Mekong Delta.
Q5. How does the study show that antibiotics are more likely to be used in microbial communities?
A recent study also 15 found that cooperative communities (i.e. when metabolites produced by one organism are 16 used as nutrients or energy source by another) are more susceptible to antibiotics and as 17 cross-feeding is nearly ubiquitous in microbial communities, low antibiotic concentrations 18 might have a stronger effect than previously thought (Adamowicz et al., 2018).
Q6. What are the main interactions between bacteria and protozoans in the ecosystem?
In addition to bacteria interacting with other bacteria, important interactions in natural 20 microbial communities are those with protozoan predators.
Q7. How many studies report toxicity of antibiotics on freshwater organisms?
17 According to the Wikipharma data, 25% of all studies estimating the effects of 18 antibiotics on eukaryotic, single celled algae, found EC50 values below 1 mg/L and 12 studies 19 even report EC50 to be below 100 µg/L (electronic supplementary material table S2).
Q8. What is the role of the sediment in the removal of micropollutants?
the sediment 14 has a critical role in pollution attenuation and removal rates of emerging micropollutants 15 (Peralta-Maraver et al., 2018b, 2018a).
Q9. How likely are antibiotics to have direct effects in freshwater communities?
21 22Their literature search shows that antibiotic concentrations measured in fresh waters, despite 24 concentrations being well below clinically-relevant levels, are very likely to have direct, and 25for freshwater communities - as a mixture and under global change scenarios.
Q10. How did the EC50 of the 137 12 experiments affect the sex-rati?
Low levels of antibiotics directly in contact with invertebrates 10 (such as crustaceans, cnidarians and molluscs) did not affect their degree of survival, their 11 reproduction, nor their sex-ratio, with the exception of a few cases, and only five of the 137 12 experiments measured an EC50 lower than 1 mg/L (Calleja et al., 1993; Isidori et al., 2005).
Q11. What are the main research avenues for antibiotic impacts on freshwater communities?
To capture the 3 true effects of antibiotic impacts on whole communities, and the ecosystem processes they 4 drive, the authors propose three major future research avenues: i) food webs, ii) antibiotic mixtures 5 and iii) interaction with other stressors such as temperature (Fig. 2), as the authors outline in the 6 following paragraphs.