Are seals frequently infected with avian influenza viruses
V. S. Hinshaw,William J. Bean,Robert G. Webster,Jerold E. Rehg,P. Fiorelli,G. Early,J. R. Geraci,D.J. St. Aubin +7 more
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It was found that the seal viruses were most closely related antigenically and genetically to recent avian virus strains and were readily distinguishable from mammalian viruses, including H7N7 isolate recovered from seals in 1980.Abstract:
Influenza A virus isolates of the H4N5 subtype (which has previously been detected only in birds) were recovered from harbor seals dying of viral pneumonia on the New England coast from June 1982 through March 1983. When these isolates were compared with other mammalian and avian viruses in serological assays and RNA-RNA competitive hybridization, it was found that the seal viruses were most closely related antigenically and genetically to recent avian virus strains and were readily distinguishable from mammalian viruses, including H7N7 isolates recovered from seals in 1980. Unlike any previous isolates from mammals, these recent seal viruses replicate in the intestinal tracts of ducks, a characteristic of avian viruses. The association of avian viruses with influenza outbreaks in seals suggests that transmission of avian viruses to seals is occurring in nature. Potentially, this may be an example of the adaptation of avian viruses to mammals, which would represent an intermediate step in the evolution of new mammalian strains.read more
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Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses.
TL;DR: Wild aquatic bird populations have long been considered the natural reservoir for influenza A viruses with virus transmission from these birds seeding other avian and mammalian hosts, but recent studies in bats have suggested other reservoir species may also exist.
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Molecular Basis for the Generation in Pigs of Influenza A Viruses with Pandemic Potential
Toshihiro Ito,J. Nelson S. S. Couceiro,Sørge Kelm,Linda G. Baum,Scott Krauss,Maria R. Castrucci,Isabella Donatelli,Hiroshi Kida,James C. Paulson,Robert G. Webster,Robert G. Webster,Yoshihiro Kawaoka,Yoshihiro Kawaoka +12 more
TL;DR: A structural basis for the hypothesis that pigs may serve as “mixing vessels” for the generation of human-avian influenza A virus reassortants, similar to those responsible for the 1957 and 1968 pandemics is demonstrated.
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Role of hemagglutinin cleavage for the pathogenicity of influenza virus.
TL;DR: F influenza virus pathogenicity is discussed, with an emphasis on the role of HA0 cleavage as a determining factor.
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Pandemic Threat Posed by Avian Influenza A Viruses
TL;DR: The identification of avian viruses in humans underscores the potential of these and similar strains to produce devastating influenza outbreaks in major population centers.
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Influenza B Virus in Seals
Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus,Guus F. Rimmelzwaan,Byron E. E. Martina,Theo M. Bestebroer,Ron A. M. Fouchier +4 more
TL;DR: In this article, an influenza B virus was isolated from a naturally infected harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) and was found to be infectious to seal kidney cells in vitro Sequence analyses and serology indicated that influenza virus B/Seal/Netherlands/1/99 is closely related to strains that circulated in humans 4 to 5 years earlier.
References
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Intestinal influenza: Replication and characterization of influenza viruses in ducks
TL;DR: The susceptibility of ducks to infection with human and avian strains of influenza virus and the possibility of transmission to animal species through the water supply suggests that ducks may be important in the ecology of influenza viruses.
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Mass mortality of harbor seals: pneumonia associated with influenza A virus
J. R. Geraci,D. J. St. Aubin,Ian K. Barker,Robert G. Webster,V. S. Hinshaw,William J. Bean,H. L. Ruhnke,John H. Prescott,G. Early,A. S. Baker,S. Madoff,Robert T. Schooley +11 more
TL;DR: The similarities between this epizootic and other seal mortalities in the past suggest that these events may be linked by common biological and environmental factors.
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Characterization of an influenza A virus from seals
Robert G. Webster,V. S. Hinshaw,William J. Bean,K.L. Van Wyke,J.R. Geraci,D.J. St. Aubin,G. Petursson +6 more
TL;DR: The A/Seal/Mass/1/80 influenza virus provides the first evidence suggesting that a strain deriving all of its genes from one or more avian influenza viruses can be associated with severe disease in a mammalian population in nature.
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