Journal ArticleDOI
Black hole explosions
TLDR
In this article, it was shown that any black hole will create and emit particles such as neutrinos or photons at just the rate that one would expect if the black hole was a body with a temperature of (κ/2π) (ħ/2k) ≈ 10−6 (M/M)K where κ is the surface gravity of the body.Abstract:
QUANTUM gravitational effects are usually ignored in calculations of the formation and evolution of black holes. The justification for this is that the radius of curvature of space-time outside the event horizon is very large compared to the Planck length (Għ/c3)1/2 ≈ 10−33 cm, the length scale on which quantum fluctuations of the metric are expected to be of order unity. This means that the energy density of particles created by the gravitational field is small compared to the space-time curvature. Even though quantum effects may be small locally, they may still, however, add up to produce a significant effect over the lifetime of the Universe ≈ 1017 s which is very long compared to the Planck time ≈ 10−43 s. The purpose of this letter is to show that this indeed may be the case: it seems that any black hole will create and emit particles such as neutrinos or photons at just the rate that one would expect if the black hole was a body with a temperature of (κ/2π) (ħ/2k) ≈ 10−6 (M/M)K where κ is the surface gravity of the black hole1. As a black hole emits this thermal radiation one would expect it to lose mass. This in turn would increase the surface gravity and so increase the rate of emission. The black hole would therefore have a finite life of the order of 1071 (M/M)−3 s. For a black hole of solar mass this is much longer than the age of the Universe. There might, however, be much smaller black holes which were formed by fluctuations in the early Universe2. Any such black hole of mass less than 1015 g would have evaporated by now. Near the end of its life the rate of emission would be very high and about 1030 erg would be released in the last 0.1 s. This is a fairly small explosion by astronomical standards but it is equivalent to about 1 million 1 Mton hydrogen bombs. It is often said that nothing can escape from a black hole. But in 1974, Stephen Hawking realized that, owing to quantum effects, black holes should emit particles with a thermal distribution of energies — as if the black hole had a temperature inversely proportional to its mass. In addition to putting black-hole thermodynamics on a firmer footing, this discovery led Hawking to postulate 'black hole explosions', as primordial black holes end their lives in an accelerating release of energy.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
The Large Area Telescope on the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope Mission
W. B. Atwood,A. A. Abdo,A. A. Abdo,Markus Ackermann,W. Althouse,Brandon Anderson,Magnus Axelsson,Luca Baldini,Jean Ballet,David L. Band,Guido Barbiellini,Guido Barbiellini,J. Bartelt,Denis Bastieri,Denis Bastieri,B. M. Baughman,Keith Bechtol,D. Bédérède,F. Bellardi,Ronaldo Bellazzini,B. Berenji,Giovanni F. Bignami,Dario Bisello,Dario Bisello,Elisabetta Bissaldi,Roger Blandford,E. D. Bloom,J. R. Bogart,Emanuele Bonamente,Emanuele Bonamente,Jerry T. Bonnell,A. W. Borgland,A. Bouvier,Johan Bregeon,Alessandro Brez,M. Brigida,M. Brigida,P. Bruel,T. H. Burnett,G. Busetto,G. Busetto,G. A. Caliandro,G. A. Caliandro,R. A. Cameron,P. A. Caraveo,Staffan Carius,P. Carlson,J. M. Casandjian,E. Cavazzuti,M. Ceccanti,C. Cecchi,C. Cecchi,Eric Charles,A. Chekhtman,A. Chekhtman,C. C. Cheung,James Chiang,R. Chipaux,A. N. Cillis,Stefano Ciprini,Stefano Ciprini,R. Claus,Johann Cohen-Tanugi,S. Condamoor,Jan Conrad,Jan Conrad,Robin H. D. Corbet,L. Corucci,L. Costamante,S. Cutini,David S. Davis,David S. Davis,D. Decotigny,M. Deklotz,Charles D. Dermer,A. De Angelis,Seth Digel,E. Do Couto E Silva,Persis S. Drell,R. Dubois,D. Dumora,D. Dumora,Y. Edmonds,D. Fabiani,Christian Farnier,C. Favuzzi,C. Favuzzi,D. L. Flath,P. Fleury,W. B. Focke,Stefan Funk,P. Fusco,P. Fusco,F. Gargano,Dario Gasparrini,Neil Gehrels,Neil Gehrels,F.-X. Gentit,S. Germani,S. Germani,B. Giebels,Nicola Giglietto,Nicola Giglietto,Paolo Giommi,F. Giordano,F. Giordano,T. Glanzman,G. Godfrey,I. A. Grenier,M.-H. Grondin,M.-H. Grondin,J. E. Grove,L. Guillemot,L. Guillemot,S. Guiriec,Gunther Haller,Alice K. Harding,P. A. Hart,E. Hays,S. E. Healey,M. Hirayama,M. Hirayama,L. Hjalmarsdotter,R. Horn,R. E. Hughes,Gudlaugur Johannesson,G. Johansson,A. S. Johnson,R. P. Johnson,Tyrel J. Johnson,Tyrel J. Johnson,W. N. Johnson,T. Kamae,Hideaki Katagiri,Jun Kataoka,A. Kavelaars,Nobuyuki Kawai,H. Kelly,Matthew Kerr,Wlodzimierz Klamra,Jürgen Knödlseder,Martin Kocian,N. Komin,N. Komin,F. Kuehn,M. Kuss,D. Landriu,Luca Latronico,B. Lee,Shiu-Hang Lee,Marianne Lemoine-Goumard,Marianne Lemoine-Goumard,Andrea Lionetto,Andrea Lionetto,Francesco Longo,Francesco Longo,F. Loparco,F. Loparco,Benoit Lott,Benoit Lott,M. N. Lovellette,P. Lubrano,P. Lubrano,G. M. Madejski,A. Makeev,A. Makeev,B. Marangelli,B. Marangelli,M.M. Massai,M. N. Mazziotta,Julie McEnery,N. Menon,C. Meurer,Peter F. Michelson,Massimo Minuti,N. Mirizzi,N. Mirizzi,W. Mitthumsiri,Tsunefumi Mizuno,A. A. Moiseev,C. Monte,C. Monte,M. E. Monzani,Elena Moretti,Elena Moretti,A. Morselli,A. Morselli,Igor V. Moskalenko,S. Murgia,Takeshi Nakamori,Sho Nishino,P. L. Nolan,J. P. Norris,Eric Nuss,Masanori Ohno,T. Ohsugi,Nicola Omodei,E. Orlando,J. F. Ormes,Alessandro Paccagnella,Alessandro Paccagnella,David Paneque,J. H. Panetta,D. Parent,D. Parent,Mark Pearce,M. Pepe,M. Pepe,A. Perazzo,Melissa Pesce-Rollins,P. Picozza,P. Picozza,L. Pieri,Michele Pinchera,F. Piron,T. A. Porter,L. Poupard,S. Rainò,S. Rainò,Robert R. Rando,Robert R. Rando,E. Rapposelli,M. Razzano,A. Reimer,Olaf Reimer,T. Reposeur,T. Reposeur,L. C. Reyes,S. Ritz,S. Ritz,L. S. Rochester,A. Y. Rodriguez,Roger W. Romani,M. Roth,J. J. Russell,Felix Ryde,S. Sabatini,S. Sabatini,Hartmut Sadrozinski,David Sanchez,A. Sander,L. Sapozhnikov,P. M. Saz Parkinson,Jeffrey D. Scargle,T. L. Schalk,G. Scolieri,Carmelo Sgrò,Gerald H. Share,Gerald H. Share,M. S. Shaw,Takashi Shimokawabe,Chris Shrader,Agnieszka Sierpowska-Bartosik,E. J. Siskind,David A. Smith,David A. Smith,P. D. Smith,Gloria Spandre,P. Spinelli,P. Spinelli,Jean-Luc Starck,T. E. Stephens,M. S. Strickman,Andrew W. Strong,D. J. Suson,Hiroyasu Tajima,Hiromitsu Takahashi,Tadayuki Takahashi,Takaaki Tanaka,A. Tenze,S. Tether,J. B. Thayer,J. G. Thayer,D. J. Thompson,L. Tibaldo,L. Tibaldo,O. Tibolla,Diego F. Torres,Diego F. Torres,Gino Tosti,Gino Tosti,A. Tramacere,M. Turri,T. L. Usher,N. Vilchez,V. Vitale,V. Vitale,P. Wang,K. Watters,Brian L Winer,K. S. Wood,T. Ylinen,M. Ziegler +292 more
TL;DR: The Large Area Telescope (Fermi/LAT) as mentioned in this paper is the primary instrument on the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, which is an imaging, wide field-of-view, high-energy gamma-ray telescope, covering the energy range from below 20 MeV to more than 300 GeV.
Journal ArticleDOI
Microscopic origin of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy
Andrew Strominger,Cumrun Vafa +1 more
TL;DR: The Bekenstein-Hawking area entropy relation S BH = A 4 was derived for a class of five-dimensional extremal black holes in string theory by counting the degeneracy of BPS solition bound states.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cosmological Event Horizons, Thermodynamics, and Particle Creation
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the relationship between event horizons and thermodynamics can be extended to cosmological models with a repulsive cosmology constant, and that the spacetime metric itself appears to be observer-dependent.
Journal ArticleDOI
Colloquium: Area laws for the entanglement entropy
TL;DR: In this paper, the current status of area laws in quantum many-body systems is reviewed and a significant proportion is devoted to the clear and quantitative connection between the entanglement content of states and the possibility of their efficient numerical simulation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hawking Radiation As Tunneling
TL;DR: A short and direct derivation of Hawking radiation as a tunneling process, based on particles in a dynamical geometry, respects conservation laws, but the exact spectrum is not precisely thermal.
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Journal ArticleDOI
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