Journal ArticleDOI
Chikungunya virus: an update on the biology and pathogenesis of this emerging pathogen
Felicity J. Burt,Weiqiang Chen,Jonathan J. Miner,Deborah J. Lenschow,Andres Merits,Esther Schnettler,Alain Kohl,Penny A. Rudd,Adam Taylor,Lara J. Herrero,Ali Zaid,Lisa F. P. Ng,Lisa F. P. Ng,Suresh Mahalingam +13 more
TLDR
An update on chikungunya virus with regard to its epidemiology, molecular virology, virus-host interactions, immunological responses, animal models, and potential antiviral therapies and vaccines is provided.Abstract:
Re-emergence of chikungunya virus, a mosquito-transmitted pathogen, is of serious public health concern. In the past 15 years, after decades of infrequent, sporadic outbreaks, the virus has caused major epidemic outbreaks in Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean, and more recently the Caribbean and the Americas. Chikungunya virus is mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions, but the potential exists for further spread because of genetic adaptation of the virus to Aedes albopictus, a species that thrives in temperate regions. Chikungunya virus represents a substantial health burden to affected populations, with symptoms that include severe joint and muscle pain, rashes, and fever, as well as prolonged periods of disability in some patients. The inflammatory response coincides with raised levels of immune mediators and infiltration of immune cells into infected joints and surrounding tissues. Animal models have provided insights into disease pathology and immune responses. Although host innate and adaptive responses have a role in viral clearance and protection, they can also contribute to virus-induced immune pathology. Understanding the mechanisms of host immune responses is essential for the development of treatments and vaccines. Inhibitory compounds targeting key inflammatory pathways, as well as attenuated virus vaccines, have shown some success in animal models, including an attenuated vaccine strain based on an isolate from La Reunion incorporating an internal ribosome entry sequence that prevents the virus from infecting mosquitoes and a vaccine based on virus-like particles expressing envelope proteins. However, immune correlates of protection, as well as the safety of prophylactic and therapeutic candidates, are important to consider for their application in chikungunya infections. In this Review, we provide an update on chikungunya virus with regard to its epidemiology, molecular virology, virus-host interactions, immunological responses, animal models, and potential antiviral therapies and vaccines.read more
Citations
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Current and Future Use of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Infectious, Immune, Neoplastic, and Neurological Diseases: A Mini-Review.
TL;DR: The repurposing of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine is currently being examined for neurological diseases such as neurosarcoidosis, chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to corticosteroids, and primary progressive multiple sclerosis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Aedes Mosquitoes and Aedes-Borne Arboviruses in Africa: Current and Future Threats.
David Weetman,Basile Kamgang,Athanase Badolo,Catherine L. Moyes,Freya M Shearer,Mamadou B. Coulibaly,João Pinto,Louis Lambrechts,Philip J. McCall +8 more
TL;DR: The Zika crisis drew attention to the long-overlooked problem of arboviruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes in Africa, and the need to improve knowledge of the distributions of disease and major vectors, insecticide resistance, and to develop specific plans and capacity for arbiviral disease surveillance, prevention and outbreak responses is highlighted.
Journal ArticleDOI
Analysis of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) from different species sheds some light on cross-species receptor usage of a novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV.
TL;DR: The high infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) indicates that rapid transmission can occur during the incubation period, and it is likely that this virus can be passed from person to person via contact chemoreception and inhalation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Rheumatic manifestations of chikungunya: emerging concepts and interventions
TL;DR: The mechanisms by which CHIKV or viral material persists in joint tissues and drives chronic disease are unclear and characterizing the processes involved might open up new avenues for clinical interventions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Developing therapeutic approaches for twenty-first-century emerging infectious viral diseases.
Rita M. Meganck,Ralph S. Baric +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the development of broad-spectrum small-molecule and antibody direct-acting antivirals, but also on host-factor therapeutics, including repurposing previously approved or in-pipeline drugs.
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A single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential.
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Genome Microevolution of Chikungunya Viruses Causing the Indian Ocean Outbreak
Isabelle Schuffenecker,Isabelle Iteman,Alain Michault,Séverine Murri,Lionel Frangeul,Marie-Christine Vaney,Marie-Christine Vaney,Rachel Lavenir,Nathalie Pardigon,Jean-Marc Reynes,François Pettinelli,Leon Biscornet,Laure Diancourt,Stéphanie Michel,Stéphane Duquerroy,Stéphane Duquerroy,Stéphane Duquerroy,Ghislaine Guigon,Marie-Pascale Frenkiel,Anne-Claire Brehin,Nadège Cubito,Philippe Desprès,Frank Kunst,Félix A. Rey,Félix A. Rey,Hervé Zeller,Sylvain Brisse +26 more
TL;DR: The results indicate that the chikungunya virus outbreak was initiated by a strain related to East-African isolates, from which viral variants have evolved following a traceable microevolution history and may be due to adaptation to the mosquito vector.
Journal ArticleDOI
Chikungunya, an epidemic arbovirosis.
TL;DR: Chikungunya is an arboviral disease transmitted by aedes mosquitoes and was first isolated in 1953 in Tanzania as mentioned in this paper, where it is a specifi cally tropical disease, but it is geographically restricted and outbreaks are relatively uncommon.