Development of a database of organ doses for paediatric and young adult CT scans in the United Kingdom.
Kwang Pyo Kim,A. Berrington de Gonzalez,Mark S. Pearce,J Salotti,Louise Parker,Kieran McHugh,Alan W. Craft,Clifton C. Lee +7 more
TLDR
The methods used to estimate typical organ-specific doses delivered by CT scans to children are described and an organ dose database from Monte Carlo radiation transport-based computer simulations using a series of computational human phantoms from newborn to adults for both male and female was established, which is the first detailed paediatric CT scan database for the UK.Abstract:
Despite great potential benefits, there are concerns about the possible harm from medical imaging including the risk of radiation-related cancer. There are particular concerns about computed tomography (CT) scans in children because both radiation dose and sensitivity to radiation for children are typically higher than for adults undergoing equivalent procedures. As direct empirical data on the cancer risks from CT scans are lacking, the authors are conducting a retrospective cohort study of over 240 000 children in the UK who underwent CT scans. The main objective of the study is to quantify the magnitude of the cancer risk in relation to the radiation dose from CT scans. In this paper, the methods used to estimate typical organ-specific doses delivered by CT scans to children are described. An organ dose database from Monte Carlo radiation transport-based computer simulations using a series of computational human phantoms from newborn to adults for both male and female was established. Organ doses vary with patient size and sex, examination types and CT technical settings. Therefore, information on patient age, sex and examination type from electronic radiology information systems and technical settings obtained from two national surveys in the UK were used to estimate radiation dose. Absorbed doses to the brain, thyroid, breast and red bone marrow were calculated for reference male and female individuals with the ages of newborns, 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 y for a total of 17 different scan types in the pre- and post-2001 time periods. In general, estimated organ doses were slightly higher for females than males which might be attributed to the smaller body size of the females. The younger children received higher doses in pre-2001 period when adult CT settings were typically used for children. Paediatric-specific adjustments were assumed to be used more frequently after 2001, since then radiation doses to children have often been smaller than those to adults. The database here is the first detailed organ-specific paediatric CT scan database for the UK. As well as forming the basis for the UK study, the results and description of the methods will also serve as a key resource for paediatric CT scan studies currently underway in other countries.read more
Citations
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Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study
Mark S. Pearce,J Salotti,Mark P. Little,Kieran McHugh,Choonsik Lee,Kwang Pyo Kim,Nicola Howe,Cécile M. Ronckers,Preetha Rajaraman,Alan W. Craft,Louise Parker,Amy Berrington de Gonzalez +11 more
TL;DR: Use of CT scans in children to deliver cumulative doses of about 50 mGy might almost triple the risk of leukaemia and doses ofabout 60 m Gy might triple therisk of brain cancer.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cancer risk in 680 000 people exposed to computed tomography scans in childhood or adolescence: data linkage study of 11 million Australians
John D. Mathews,Anna V. Forsythe,Zoe Brady,Martin W Butler,Stacy Goergen,Graham Byrnes,Graham G. Giles,Anthony Wallace,Philip R Anderson,Philip R Anderson,Tenniel Guiver,Paul McGale,Timothy M. Cain,James G. Dowty,Adrian Bickerstaffe,Sarah C. Darby +15 more
TL;DR: The increased incidence of cancer after CT scan exposure in this cohort was mostly due to irradiation, and future CT scans should be limited to situations where there is a definite clinical indication, with every scan optimised to provide a diagnostic CT image at the lowest possible radiation dose.
Journal ArticleDOI
Radiation Exposure From Pediatric CT Scans and Subsequent Cancer Risk in the Netherlands
Johanna M. Meulepas,Cécile M. Ronckers,Anne M. J. B. Smets,Rutger A.J. Nievelstein,Patrycja Gradowska,Choonsik Lee,Andreas Jahnen,Marcel van Straten,Marie Claire Y. de Wit,Bernard A. Zonnenberg,Willemijn M. Klein,J.H.M. Merks,Otto Visser,Flora E. van Leeuwen,Michael Hauptmann +14 more
TL;DR: Evidence is found that CT-related radiation exposure increases brain tumor risk following exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation from CT scans in childhood, and incidence of brain tumors was higher in the cohort of children with CT scans, requiring cautious interpretation of the findings.
Journal ArticleDOI
Computed tomography and patient risk: Facts, perceptions and uncertainties
TL;DR: New image reconstruction techniques that reduce radiation dose have been developed in recent years with promising results and use iterative reconstruction algorithms to attain diagnostic quality images with reduced image noise at lower radiation doses.
Journal ArticleDOI
Erratum to: Risk of cancer incidence before the age of 15 years after exposure to ionising radiation from computed tomography: results from a German cohort study
Lucian Krille,Lucian Krille,S. Dreger,R. Schindel,T. Albrecht,M. Asmussen,Joerg Barkhausen,J. D. Berthold,A. Chavan,C. Claussen,Michael Forsting,Emilio Antonio Luca Gianicolo,Emilio Antonio Luca Gianicolo,K. Jablonka,Andreas Jahnen,Mathias Langer,Michael Laniado,Joachim Lotz,H. J. Mentzel,A. Queißer-Wahrendorf,O. Rompel,J. Schlick,Karl Schneider,Martin Schumacher,Michael Seidenbusch,Claudia Spix,B. Spors,Gundula Staatz,Thomas J. Vogl,J. Wagner,Gerald Weisser,Hajo Zeeb,Maria Blettner +32 more
TL;DR: In this article, the risk of developing cancer, specifically leukaemia, tumours of the central nervous system and lymphoma, before the age of 15 years in children previously exposed to computed tomography (CT) in Germany was assessed.
References
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Projected cancer risks from computed tomographic scans performed in the United States in 2007.
Amy Berrington de Gonzalez,Mahadevappa Mahesh,Kwang Pyo Kim,Mythreyi Bhargavan,Mythreyi Bhargavan,Rebecca S. Lewis,Fred A. Mettler,Charles E. Land +7 more
TL;DR: These detailed estimates highlight several areas of CT scan use that make large contributions to the total cancer risk, including several scan types and age groups with a high frequency of use or scans involving relatively high doses, in which risk-reduction efforts may be warranted.
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