PHYSICAL REVIEW C 77, 044908 (2008)
Enhanced strange baryon production in Au+Au collisions compared to
p+p at
√
s
NN
= 200 GeV
B. I. Abelev,
10
M. M. Aggarwal,
32
Z. Ahammed,
47
B. D. Anderson,
21
D. Arkhipkin,
14
G. S. Averichev,
13
Y. B a i ,
30
J. Balewski,
18
O. Barannikova,
10
L. S. Barnby,
2
J. Baudot,
19
S. Baumgart,
52
D. R. Beavis,
3
R. Bellwied,
50
F. Benedosso,
30
R. R. Betts,
10
S. Bhardwaj,
37
A. Bhasin,
20
A. K. Bhati,
32
H. Bichsel,
49
J. Bielcik,
12
J. Bielcikova,
12
L. C. Bland,
3
S.-L. Blyth,
24
M. Bombara,
2
B. E. Bonner,
38
M. Botje,
30
J. Bouchet,
42
E. Braidot,
30
A. V. Brandin,
28
S. Bueltmann,
3
T. P. Burton,
2
M. Bystersky,
12
X. Z. Cai,
41
H. Caines,
52
M. Calder
´
on de la Barca S
´
anchez,
6
J. Callner,
10
O. Catu,
52
D. Cebra,
6
M. C. Cervantes,
43
Z. Chajecki,
31
P. Chaloupka,
12
S. Chattopadhyay,
47
H. F. Chen,
40
J. H. Chen,
41
J. Y. Chen,
51
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45
M. Cherney,
11
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52
K. E. Choi,
36
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3
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3
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43
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43
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19
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50
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39
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49
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5
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6
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16
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44
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39
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13
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3
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34
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8
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3
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15
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18
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20
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24
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43
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6
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3
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47
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24
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13
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2
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28
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5
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42
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19
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33
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3
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22
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13
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51
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14
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3
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3
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51
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43
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2
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47
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10
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7
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47
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11
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3
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30
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46
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36
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7
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39
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20
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20
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3
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6
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3
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43
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18
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L. Kotchenda,
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P. Krav tso v,
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V. I . K r a v t s o v ,
34
K. Krueger,
1
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19
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32
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32
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7
M. A. C. Lamont,
3
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3
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3
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3
A. Lebedev,
3
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14
C.-H. Lee,
36
M. J. LeVine,
3
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40
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50
Y. L i ,
45
G. Lin,
52
X. Lin,
51
S. J. Lindenbaum,
29
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31
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51
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40
J. Liu,
38
L. Liu,
51
T. Ljubicic,
3
W. J. Llope,
38
R. S. Longacre,
3
W. A. Love,
3
Y. L u ,
40
T. Ludlam,
3
D. Lynn,
3
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41
J. G. Ma,
7
Y. G . M a ,
41
D. P. Mahapatra,
16
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52
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20
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46
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21
C. Markert,
44
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24
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34
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11
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34
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25
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25
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34
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43
A. Mischke,
30
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38
B. Mohanty,
47
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34
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39
B. K. Nandi,
17
C. Nattrass,
52
T. K. Nayak,
47
J. M. Nelson,
2
C. Nepali,
21
P. K. Netrakanti,
35
M. J. Ng,
5
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34
S. B. Nurushev,
34
G. Odyniec,
24
A. Ogawa,
3
H. Okada,
3
V. Okorokov,
28
D. Olson,
24
M. Pachr,
12
S. K. Pal,
47
Y. Panebratsev,
13
A. I. Pavlinov,
50
T. Pawlak,
48
T. Peitzmann,
30
V. Perevoztchikov,
3
C. Perkins,
5
W. Peryt,
48
S. C. Phatak,
16
M. Planinic,
53
J. Pluta,
48
N. Poljak,
53
N. Porile,
35
A. M. Poskanzer,
24
M. Potekhin,
3
B. V. K. S. Potukuchi,
20
D. Prindle,
49
C. Pruneau,
50
N. K. Pruthi,
32
J. Putschke,
52
I. A. Qattan,
18
R. Raniwala,
37
S. Raniwala,
37
R. L. Ray,
44
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4
A. Ridiger,
28
H. G. Ritter,
24
J. B. Roberts,
38
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13
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6
A. Rose,
24
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42
L. Ruan,
3
M. J. Russcher,
30
V. R y k o v ,
21
R. Sahoo,
42
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24
T. Sakuma,
25
S. Salur,
52
J. Sandweiss,
52
M. Sarsour,
43
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44
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35
N. Schmitz,
26
J. Seger,
11
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50
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26
A. Shabetai,
19
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13
M. Shao,
40
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50
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41
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24
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26
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47
M. J. Skoby,
35
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52
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30
P. Sorensen,
3
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18
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19
H. M. Spinka,
1
B. Srivastava,
35
A. Stadnik,
13
T. D. S. Stanislaus,
46
D. Staszak,
7
R. Stock,
15
M. Strikhanov,
28
B. Stringfellow,
35
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39
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10
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21
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12
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24
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23
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25
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24
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39
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8
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3
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40
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35
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44
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24
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41
A. R. Timmins,
2
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28
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13
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49
V. N . T r a m ,
24
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5
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7
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43
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7
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35
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3
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1
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3
N. van der Kolk,
30
M. van Leeuwen,
24
A. M. Vander Molen,
27
R. Varma,
17
G. M. S. Vasconcelos,
8
I. M. Vasilevski,
14
A. N. Vasiliev,
34
R. Vernet,
19
F. Videbaek,
3
S. E. Vigdor,
18
Y. P. Viyogi,
16
S. Vokal,
13
S. A. Voloshin,
50
M. Wada,
44
W. T. Waggoner,
11
F. Wang,
35
G. Wang,
7
J. S. Wang,
23
Q. Wang,
35
X. Wang,
45
X. L. Wang,
40
Y. Wang,
45
J. C. Webb,
46
G. D. Westfall,
27
C. Whitten Jr.,
7
H. Wieman,
24
S. W. Wissink,
18
R. Witt,
52
J. Wu,
40
Y. Wu ,
51
N. Xu,
24
Q. H. Xu,
24
Z. Xu,
3
P. Yepes,
38
I.-K. Yoo,
36
Q. Yue,
45
M. Zawisza,
48
H. Zbroszczyk,
48
W. Zhan,
23
H. Zhang,
3
S. Zhang,
41
W. M. Zhang,
21
Y. Zhang,
40
Z. P. Zhang,
40
Y. Zhao,
40
C. Zhong,
41
J. Zhou,
38
R. Zoulkarneev,
14
Y. Zoulkarneeva,
14
and J. X. Zuo
41
(STAR Collaboration)
1
Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
2
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
3
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
4
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
5
University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
6
University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
7
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
8
Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
0556-2813/2008/77(4)/044908(7) 044908-1 ©2008 The American Physical Society
B. I. ABELEV et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 77, 044908 (2008)
9
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
10
University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
11
Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
12
Nuclear Physics Institute AS CR, CZ-25068 Rez /Prague, Czech Republic
13
Laboratory for High Energy (JINR), Dubna, Russia
14
Particle Physics Laboratory (JINR), Dubna, Russia
15
University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
16
Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar 751005, India
17
Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
18
Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USA
19
Institut de Recherches Subatomiques, Strasbourg, France
20
University of Jammu, Jammu 180001, India
21
Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
22
University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
23
Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
24
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
25
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
26
Max-Planck-Institut f
¨
ur Physik, Munich, Germany
27
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
28
Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
29
City College of New York, New York City, New York 10031, USA
30
NIKHEF and Utrecht University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
31
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
32
Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
33
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
34
Institute of High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia
35
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
36
Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
37
University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India
38
Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA
39
Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
40
University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
41
Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Shanghai 201800, People’s Republic of China
42
SUBATECH, Nantes, France
43
Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
44
University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
45
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
46
Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383, USA
47
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata 700064, India
48
Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
49
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
50
Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
51
Institute of Particle Physics, CCNU (HZNU), Wuhan 430079, People’s Republic of China
52
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
53
University of Zagreb, Zagreb, HR-10002, Croatia
(Received 17 May 2007; revised manuscript received 19 December 2007; published 24 April 2008)
We report on the observed differences in production rates of strange and multistrange baryons in Au+Au
collisions at
√
s
NN
= 200 GeV compared to p+p interactions at the same energy. The strange baryon yields in
Au+Au collisions, when scaled down by the number of participating nucleons, are enhanced relative to those
measured in p+p reactions. The enhancement observed increases with the strangeness content of the baryon,
and it increases for all strange baryons with collision centrality. The enhancement is qualitatively similar to that
observed at the lower collision energy
√
s
NN
= 17.3 GeV. The previous observations are for the bulk production,
while at intermediate p
T
, 1 <p
T
< 4 GeV/c, the strange baryons even exceed binary scaling from p+p
yields.
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.77.044908 PACS number(s): 25.75.Dw, 12.40.Ee, 25.75.Nq
044908-2
ENHANCED STRANGE BARYON PRODUCTION IN Au+Au ... PHYSICAL REVIEW C 77, 044908 (2008)
I. INTRODUCTION
One of the aims of studying relativistic heavy ion collisions
is to observe how matter behaves at extremes of temperature
and/or density. The energy densities in the medium produced
by these collisions are far from that of ground state nuclear
matter. Ultimately we hope to determine if they are sufficiently
high to create a system where the degrees of freedoms are those
of quarks and gluons, a state called the quark-gluon plasma
(QGP). By comparing the particles produced in A+A to those
from p+p collisions, in which a QGP phase is not expected,
we can gain insight into the properties of the medium.
Strange particles are of particular interest since the initial
strangeness content of the colliding nuclei is very small and
there is no net strangeness. This means that all strange hadrons
must be formed in the matter produced. Originally, it was
proposed that strangeness production would be increased due
to the formation of a QGP compared to that from a hadron
gas [1]. This enhancement is due to the high production rate of
gg → s
¯
s in a QGP, a process absent in the hadronic state. The
subsequent hadronization of these (anti)strange quarks results
in a significant increase in strange particle production, thus
signaling a plasma was formed.
The concept of enhanced strangeness production in the
QGP can be recast in the language of statistical mechanics. A
grand canonical ensemble limit is likely only to be reached in
the high multiplicity of heavy ion reactions. If this is the case,
any measured enhancement is really a phase-space suppression
in p+p reactions that is removed in the heavy ion case. This
lack of available phase space in small systems, such as those
from p+p collisions, requires a canonical ensemble to be
used, which results in a suppression of strangeness production
when scaled to the appropriate volume [2,3]. However, there
is no apriorimethod for directly calculating this volume, and
thus the authors make the simplest hypothesis and assume that
the volume is linearly proportional to the number of collision
participants N
part
. The degree of suppression increases with
the strange quark content of the particle. For sufficiently
large volumes, the system is thermalized, the phase-space
suppression effects disappear, and the yields scale linearly
with the volume, i.e., N
part
. Initial measurements from
the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) suggested such
a linear N
part
scaling [4]. However, it is not observed
in measurements made at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion
Collider (RHIC) [5] or in the more recent SPS results [6].
While the observables mentioned above are sensitive to
the bulk of the produced particles with momenta below
2GeV/c, further important information can be extracted from
intermediate and high p
T
particles. At RHIC, hadrons are
suppressed at intermediate to high p
T
when compared to
binary-scaled p+p data at the same energy [7]. This effect
is attributed to the energy loss of partons as they traverse the
hot and dense medium produced [8,9]. Measurements using
identified particles help shed light on the details of the energy
loss mechanism.
II. ANALYSIS
In this paper, we present further analysis of the high
statistics measurements from p+p and Au+Au colli-
sions at
√
s
NN
= 200 GeV for strange and multistrange
baryon production at midrapidity as reported by the STAR
Collaboration at RHIC [5,10]. Details of the STAR exper-
iment are in Ref. [11]. Specific details of the trigger and
detectors used to collect the data reported here can be found
in Refs. [5,10] and references therein. The Au+Au event
sample consisted of 1.5 × 10
6
central collision triggers and
1.6 × 10
6
minimum bias triggers. The p+p results are from
6 × 10
6
minimum bias events. Particle identification is via
the reconstruction of the charged daughter decay particles in
the time projection chamber. The decay channels used are
→ p + π
−
,
−
→ + π
−
→ p + π
−
+ π
−
, and
−
→
+ K
−
→ p + π
−
+ K
−
plus the charge conjugates for the
antiparticle decays.
After cuts, to reduce random combinatorics, parent particles
were selected if the calculated invariant mass fell within 3σ
around the peak after background subtraction. The data were
corrected, as a function of p
T
, for efficiency and detector
acceptance. Monte Carlo studies showed that the corrections
were constant as a function of rapidity over the measured
regions. Further details of these reconstruction and correction
techniques can be found in Refs. [5,10] and references
therein. Several contributions to the systematic uncertainty of
particle yields were studied: detector simulation and efficiency
calculations, inhomogeneities of the detector responses, pileup
effects, and the extrapolation of the data fits to zero p
T
.Inp+p
collisions, an additional normalization error due to varying
beam luminosity and trigger efficiencies of ∼4% is included.
The yields were corrected for feed-down from multistrange
baryons using the measured spectra, the correction was of the
order of 15%.
III. RESULTS
A. Yield enhancement factors
For each species i, the yield enhancement, E(i), above that
expected from N
part
scaling was calculated using
E(i) =
Yield
AA
(i)
N
NN
part
Yield
NN
(i)
N
AA
part
. (1)
Figure 1 shows E(i) as a function of N
part
; the inclusive
proton data illustrate the effects for nonstrange baryons
[13]. Midrapidity hyperon yields measured as a function of
centrality in Au+Au [5] and p+p [10] collisions were used.
The number of participants N
part
and the number of binary
collisions N
bin
were estimated via a Monte Carlo Glauber
calculation [14,15]. Since the p+p data were recorded with
a trigger that was only sensitive to the non-singly diffractive
(NSD) part of the total inelastic cross section, all p+p yields
have been corrected by σ
NN
NSD
/σ
NN
inel
(=30/42) to obtain the total
invariant cross sections.
It can be seen that there is an enhancement in the yields
over that expected from N
part
scaling for all the particles
presented. Since the proton yields are not corrected for
feed-down, which is predominantly from the and ,the
p measurement is actually a sum of the primary protons
and those from secondary decays. The integrated +
0
044908-3
B. I. ABELEV et al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 77, 044908 (2008)
part
N
110
2
10
relative to pp or pBe
part
Yield/N
1
10
p evisulcnI
Λ
-
Ξ
part
N
110
2
10
relative to pp or pBe
part
Yield/N
1
10
Λ
+
Ξ
+
Ω+
-
Ω
←
←
←
←
←
←
←
←
FIG. 1. (Color online) Midrapidity E(i) as a function of N
part
for ,
¯
(|y| < 1.0),
−
,
+
,
−
+
+
(|y| < 0.75), and inclusive
p (|y| < 0.5). Boxes at unity show statistical and systematic un-
certainties combined in the p+p (p+Be) data. Error bars on the
data points represent those from the heavy ions. The solid markers
are for Au+Au at
√
s
NN
= 200 GeV and the open symbols for
Pb+Pb (|y| < 0.5) at
√
s
NN
= 17.3 GeV [4]. The arrows on the
right axes mark the predictions from a GC formalism model when
varying T from 165 MeV [E(
−
) = 10.7,E() = 2.6] to 170 MeV
[E(
−
) = 7.5,E() = 2.2]. The red arrows indicate the predictions
for and the black arrows those for , see text for details [12].
over the inclusive p ratio varies from 30% to 40% for the
p+p and Au+Au collisions, respectively. If only primary
protons were measured, then E(proton) would be closer
to unity. A hierarchy in the scale of enhancements, which
grows with increased strangeness of the baryon, is observed.
This trend is predicted by grand canonical (GC) ensemble
approaches, as is the fact that the E(i) values for each
baryon/antibaryon pair are similar in shape [2]. The difference
in the scale of the enhancements for baryon and antibaryon,
especially at the SPS, is due to the existence of a nonzero
net-baryon number. However, the ratio of E(antibaryon) to
E(baryon) varies as a function of N
part
at the SPS, possibly
signifying different production/annihilation mechanisms for
(anti)particles at the SPS compared to those at RHIC. For
instance, the net- yields at the SPS can be successfully
described via multiple interactions of the projectile nuclei [16].
This effect is expected to be less significant at RHIC. It is
also interesting to note that the measured enhancements for
the , anti(), and at RHIC are the same, within errors,
as those calculated from the midrapidity SPS data (open
symbols in Fig. 1) despite an order of magnitude increase
in the collision energies. Theoretical predictions using the
GC ensemble approach predict a significant decrease in all
the (anti)baryon enhancements with collision energy [2]. A
GC model, with a chemical freeze-out temperature of T =
165 MeV and a baryon chemical potential µ
b
= 29 MeV,
calculates enhancements of E(
−
) = 10.7 and E() = 2.6
for the most central Au+Au events at
√
s
NN
= 200 GeV [12].
These enhancement calculations cannot consistently describe
the (anti) and the (anti) enhancements. However, the
scales of the enhancements are very sensitive to the assumed
freeze-out temperature, and if T = 170 MeV is used, then
E(
−
) = 7.5 and E() = 2.2.
Whereas the measured enhancements are approximately
constant for the inclusive protons, they are clearly not for the
, , and ; this is again counter to theoretical expectations, in
which the dependence of the strange baryon yields is expected
to be linear with N
part
for N
part
>
∼
20. One explanation
for this deviation from theory is that the volume responsible
for strangeness production is not linearly proportional to
the geometrical overlap region, as assumed in the model. A
model that gives a reasonable description of the magnitudes
and shapes of the enhancements with respect to centrality is
described in Ref. [17]. This model allows for an oversaturation
of strange quarks, which varies with centrality, and thus does
not invoke chemical equilibration.
B. Nuclear modification factors
Figure 1 is an average measurement of the difference
in production between nucleus-nucleus and nucleon-nucleon
collisions. Since the p
T
distributions of the particles are
approximately exponential, these results are dominated by
the physics occurring at p
T
<
∼
2GeV/c. Differences in the
p
T
distributions for p+p and Au+Au data are studied by
calculating the nuclear modification factor, i.e.,
R
AA
(p
T
,i) =
d
2
N
AA
(i)/dp
T
dy
T
AA
d
2
σ
NN
(i)/dp
T
dy
, (2)
where T
AA
=N
bin
/σ
NN
inel
. Figure 2(a) shows R
AA
for and
the sum +
¯
for 0–5% Au+Au collisions along with those
for inclusive p+
¯
p measurements [18,19].
A striking feature of Fig. 2 is that both the central (top panel)
and peripheral (bottom panel) R
AA
distributions for the and
−
+
+
reach maxima that are much greater than unity, a
value that would signify binary collision scaling. In fact, the pe-
ripheral collision R
AA
distributions for the hyperons, Fig. 2(b),
are of approximately the same magnitude as the central R
AA
data, Fig. 2(a), at intermediate to high p
T
. These results are in
contrast to the earlier reported suppression of high p
T
hyperons
observed via the binary scaled ratio of central to peripheral
events, R
CP
[5,19–21]; these data are reproduced in Fig. 3.
R
CP
(p
T
,i) =
[d
2
N
cent
(i)/dp
T
dy]/
N
cent
bin
[d
2
N
periph
(i)/dp
T
dy]
N
periph
bin
, (3)
Nonstrange hadrons reveal a similar suppression when using
p+p or peripheral Au+Au collisions as a reference. For p
T
>
1.5GeV/c, unidentified charged hadrons show a suppression
of the Au+Au spectra [7]. Comparing R
AA
,Fig.2,toR
CP
,
Fig. 3, shows that R
AA
() ≈ R
AA
() = R
AA
(p) but that
R
CP
() ≈ R
CP
() ≈ R
CP
(p), especially at intermediate to
high p
T
. This is possibly due to phase-space effects in the
p+p data extending to this intermediate p
T
regime. It is
surprising that this decreased production in p+p events, while
predicted in the soft physics/thermal production regime, i.e.,
p
T
< 2GeV/c, extends out to, and even dominates in,
044908-4
ENHANCED STRANGE BARYON PRODUCTION IN Au+Au ... PHYSICAL REVIEW C 77, 044908 (2008)
(GeV/c)
T
p
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
AA
R
AA
R
1.0
pInclusive p+
Λ
Ξ+Ξ
(a) AuAu: 0-5%
(b) AuAu: 60-80%
1.0
0.1
0.1
FIG. 2. (Color online) R
AA
from (a) 0–5% and (b) 60–80% central
Au+Au events for p+
¯
p [18,19], , and
−
+
+
. Errors shown are
statistical plus systematic added in quadrature. The band at unity
shows the systematic uncertainty on N
bin
. The dashed line below
unity shows the expected value of R
AA
should the yields scale with
N
part
, and the band around it shows the systematic uncertainty on
N
part
.
this intermediate p
T
region. Figure 2(a) suggests that this
effect is strong out to p
T
∼ 3GeV/c. The shapes of the
R
CP
distributions at intermediate to high p
T
are generally
interpreted as the result of parton energy loss in the hot
dense matter and quark coalescence during hadronization. A
comparison of Figs. 2(a) and 2(b) shows that the turnover
points occur at approximately the same p
T
. These data suggest
that an enhancement of strangeness production has already set
in in peripheral Au+Au collisions. This behavior is similar to
that observed for the total yields in Fig. 1 and quantitatively
consistent with expectations from canonical suppression in
p+p. Some portion of the R
AA
peak may be explained via the
Cronin effect, the observed increase in intermediate p
T
spectra
in p-A collisions [22]. However, the Cronin enhancement stays
constant, or possibly increases, as a function of centrality [23],
and this is not seen in our data. Effects due to radial flow
in the Au+Au data are significant at RHIC energies, even
for the multistrange baryons [24], but flow dominates only at
low p
T
. The shapes of the R
AA
distributions below 1 GeV/c
(GeV/c)
T
p
0 1 2 3 4 5
CP
R
-1
10
1
-
+h
+
h
p
Inclusive p+
Λ+Λ
Ξ+Ξ
0-5%/60-80%
0-12%/60-80%
}
Au+Au
FIG. 3. (Color online) R
CP
Au+Au events for p+
¯
p(0–12%/
60–80%) [19], and +
¯
and
−
+
+
(0–5%/60–80%) [5]. Also
shown as the dashed curve are the results for 4h
+
+ h
−
for
0–5%/60–80% [20]. Errors shown are statistical plus systematic
added in quadrature. The band at unity shows the systematic
uncertainty on N
bin
. The dashed line below unity shows the expected
value of R
CP
should the yields scale with N
part
, and the band around
it shows the systematic uncertainty on N
part
.
are markedly different. The peripheral collision data indicate
approximate binary scaling of the baryon yields, while the
most central data fall beneath binary scaling but significantly
above that suggesting participant scaling. This again indicates
that there are different constraints on baryon production when
going from p+p to peripheral to central Au+Au collisions.
C. Comparison to models
Comparisons to dynamical models can be used to under-
stand in more detail how the close-to-equilibrium strangeness
production can be achieved and whether the same mechanisms
affect strange particle production at intermediate p
T
.Inthe
HIJING model [25,26], the yields and qualitative features
of the strange baryon R
AA
measurements (solid curves in
Fig. 4) can only be obtained when baryon junctions and
color strings are included [26,27]. EPOS calculations [28,29]
(dashed curves in Fig. 4) produce similarly large differences
in the hyperon R
AA
and R
CP
[28] to those measured at RHIC
and also give a qualitatively reasonable representation of the
shape of the data. EPOS describes particle production via a
parton model in which Au+Au collisions are represented as
many binary interactions. Each binary interaction is described
by a longitudinal color field that is expressed as a relativistic
string, or parton ladder. At a very early proper time, before
hadronization, the collision region is split into two environ-
ments: the core, in which the density of strings is high, and
the corona, which surrounds the core and has a low string
density. Production from the corona is due to collisions of
nucleons at the periphery of the nuclei and modeled via string
fragmentation. Corona production is thus similar to that from
p+p collisions. Meanwhile particle production from the core
is approximated via a simple statistical hadronization process,
044908-5
![FIG. 4. (Color online) Comparison of RAA from data to HIJING [26] and EPOS [29] for 0–5% and 60–80% most central Au+Au collisions, for p+p̄, , and − + +. Errors shown are statistical plus systematic added in quadrature. The bands at unity shows the systematical uncertainty on 〈Nbin〉. The bands below unity on the left of the graphs are centered at the expected value of RAA should the yields scale with 〈Npart〉, and the widths of the bands indicate the systematic uncertainty on 〈Npart〉.](/figures/fig-4-color-online-comparison-of-raa-from-data-to-hijing-26-3w4jjtau.webp)
![FIG. 2. (Color online)RAA from (a) 0–5% and (b) 60–80% central Au+Au events for p+p̄ [18,19], , and − + +. Errors shown are statistical plus systematic added in quadrature. The band at unity shows the systematic uncertainty on 〈Nbin〉. The dashed line below unity shows the expected value of RAA should the yields scale with 〈Npart〉, and the band around it shows the systematic uncertainty on 〈Npart〉.](/figures/fig-2-color-online-raa-from-a-0-5-and-b-60-80-central-au-au-id0qg4ux.webp)
![FIG. 1. (Color online) Midrapidity E(i) as a function of 〈Npart〉 for , ̄ (|y| < 1.0), −, +, − + + (|y| < 0.75), and inclusive p (|y| < 0.5). Boxes at unity show statistical and systematic uncertainties combined in the p+p (p+Be) data. Error bars on the data points represent those from the heavy ions. The solid markers are for Au+Au at √sNN = 200 GeV and the open symbols for Pb+Pb (|y| < 0.5) at √sNN = 17.3 GeV [4]. The arrows on the right axes mark the predictions from a GC formalism model when varying T from 165 MeV [E( −) = 10.7, E( ) = 2.6] to 170 MeV [E( −) = 7.5, E( ) = 2.2]. The red arrows indicate the predictions for and the black arrows those for , see text for details [12].](/figures/fig-1-color-online-midrapidity-e-i-as-a-function-of-npart-21etaxj0.webp)