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Exon skipping and dystrophin restoration in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy after systemic phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer treatment: an open-label, phase 2, dose-escalation study.

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TLDR
The safety and biochemical efficacy presented show the potential of AVI-4658 to become a disease-modifying drug for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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This article is published in The Lancet.The article was published on 2011-08-13 and is currently open access. It has received 847 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Duchenne muscular dystrophy & Drisapersen.

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Advances in the Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: New and Emerging Pharmacotherapies.

TL;DR: An update on the medications being investigated in DMD is provided, including stop codon readthrough agents, exon‐skipping agents, and utrophin modulators, which aim to replace dystrophin in myocytes.
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Rapamycin nanoparticles target defective autophagy in muscular dystrophy to enhance both strength and cardiac function

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that alternative approaches that rescue defective autophagy in mdx mice, a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, with the use of rapamycin‐loaded nanoparticles induce a reproducible increase in both skeletal muscle strength and cardiac contractile performance that is not achievable with conventional oral rapamyin, even in pharmacological doses.
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Functional Rescue of Dystrophin Deficiency in Mice Caused by Frameshift Mutations Using Campylobacter jejuni Cas9.

TL;DR: It is shown that CjCas9 derived from Campylobacter jejuni can be used as a gene-editing tool to correct an out-of-frame DMD exon in DMD knockout mice, and muscle strength was enhanced in the Cj Cas9-treated muscles, without off-target mutations, indicating high efficiency and specificity of CJCas9.
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Morpholino antisense oligonucleotides targeting intronic repressor Element1 improve phenotype in SMA mouse models

TL;DR: To prevent exon-skipping, the development of E1 ASOs provides a new molecular target for SMA therapeutics that dramatically extends survival in two important pre-clinical models of disease.
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What has the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy contributed to our understanding of this disease

TL;DR: This review explores what has learned from this dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse model regarding the pathophysiology of DMD and asks if it has a future in providing a better more thorough understanding of this disease or if it will bring us any closer to improving the outlook for DMD patients.
References
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Dystrophin: The protein product of the duchenne muscular dystrophy locus

TL;DR: The identification of the mdx mouse as an animal model for DMD has important implications with regard to the etiology of the lethal DMD phenotype, and the protein dystrophin is named because of its identification via the isolation of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus.
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Local Dystrophin Restoration with Antisense Oligonucleotide PRO051

TL;DR: Intramuscular injection of antisense oligonucleotide PRO051 induced dystrophin synthesis in four patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy who had suitable mutations, suggesting that further studies might be feasible.
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