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Exon skipping and dystrophin restoration in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy after systemic phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer treatment: an open-label, phase 2, dose-escalation study.

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TLDR
The safety and biochemical efficacy presented show the potential of AVI-4658 to become a disease-modifying drug for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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This article is published in The Lancet.The article was published on 2011-08-13 and is currently open access. It has received 847 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Duchenne muscular dystrophy & Drisapersen.

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Citations
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Development of multiexon skipping antisense oligonucleotide therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that exons 45–55 skipping therapy has the potential to treat clusters of mutations that cause DMD, which could significantly reduce the number of compounds that would need to be developed in order to successfully treat all DMD patients.
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Assessment of the structural and functional impact of in-frame mutations of the DMD gene, using the tools included in the eDystrophin online database.

TL;DR: Structural and functional modifications of dystrophin caused by in-frame mutations are highlighted and hybrid repeats were reconstituted at the deletion site in some cases, showing that hybrid repeats harbored the typical triple coiled-coil structure of native repeats, which may be correlated with better function in muscle cells.
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Peptide-conjugate antisense based splice-correction for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular diseases

TL;DR: When tested in animal models, PPMOs demonstrate effective exon skipping in target muscles and prolonged duration of dystrophin restoration after a treatment regime, highlighting the obstacles that must be overcome prior to translating the animal-based research into clinical trials tailored to the needs of patients suffering from neuromuscular diseases.
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Multi-level omics analysis in a murine model of dystrophin loss and therapeutic restoration

TL;DR: Analysis of protein, mRNA and microRNA expression in the tibialis anterior of the mdx mouse model of DMD provides fundamental new insights into gene expression and regulation in dystrophic muscle.
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Exon skipping quantification by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients treated with the antisense oligomer eteplirsen.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that levels of dystrophin protein restoration, and thus patient response, correlate accurately with the RNA level, and this study represents the first quantitative assessment of exon skipping in a clinical trial setting.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Dystrophin: The protein product of the duchenne muscular dystrophy locus

TL;DR: The identification of the mdx mouse as an animal model for DMD has important implications with regard to the etiology of the lethal DMD phenotype, and the protein dystrophin is named because of its identification via the isolation of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus.
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Local Dystrophin Restoration with Antisense Oligonucleotide PRO051

TL;DR: Intramuscular injection of antisense oligonucleotide PRO051 induced dystrophin synthesis in four patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy who had suitable mutations, suggesting that further studies might be feasible.
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