Journal ArticleDOI
Extensive Diversity of Ig-Superfamily Proteins in the Immune System of Insects
Fiona L. Watson,Roland Püttmann-Holgado,Franziska Thomas,David L. Lamar,Michael Hughes,Masahiro Kondo,Vivienne I. Rebel,Dietmar Schmucker +7 more
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TLDR
Evidence is presented that Drosophila immune-competent cells have the potential to express more than 18,000 isoforms of the immunoglobulin-superfamily receptor Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam), and the molecular diversity of Dscam transcripts generated through a mechanism of alternative splicing is highly conserved across major insect orders, suggesting an unsuspected molecular complexity of the innate immune system of insects.Abstract:
The extensive somatic diversification of immune receptors is a hallmark of higher vertebrates. However, whether molecular diversity contributes to immune protection in invertebrates is unknown. We present evidence that Drosophila immune-competent cells have the potential to express more than 18,000 isoforms of the immunoglobulin (Ig)-superfamily receptor Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam). Secreted protein isoforms of Dscam were detected in the hemolymph, and hemocyte-specific loss of Dscam impaired the efficiency of phagocytic uptake of bacteria, possibly due to reduced bacterial binding. Importantly, the molecular diversity of Dscam transcripts generated through a mechanism of alternative splicing is highly conserved across major insect orders, suggesting an unsuspected molecular complexity of the innate immune system of insects.read more
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The Host Defense of Drosophila melanogaster
Bruno Lemaitre,Jules A. Hoffmann +1 more
TL;DR: The current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying Drosophila defense reactions together with strategies evolved by pathogens to evade them are reviewed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Trained Immunity: A Memory for Innate Host Defense
TL;DR: Understanding trained immunity will revolutionize the view of host defense and immunological memory, and could lead to defining a new class of vaccines and immunotherapies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Alternative Splicing: New Insights from Global Analyses
TL;DR: Progress in establishing the full repertoire of functionally relevant transcript variants generated byAlternative splicing, the specific roles of such variants in normal and disease physiology, and how alternative splicing is coordinated on a global level to achieve cell- and tissue-specific functions are summarized in this review.
Journal ArticleDOI
Immune pathways and defence mechanisms in honey bees Apis mellifera
Jay D. Evans,Kate Aronstein,Yanping Chen,Charles Hetru,J-L Imler,Haobo Jiang,Michael R. Kanost,Graham J. Thompson,Zhen Zou,Dan Hultmark +9 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that an implied reduction in immune flexibility in bees reflects either the strength of social barriers to disease, or a tendency for bees to be attacked by a limited set of highly coevolved pathogens.
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The Drosophila systemic immune response: sensing and signalling during bacterial and fungal infections
TL;DR: The striking parallels between the adult fly response and mammalian innate immune defences described below point to a common ancestry and validate the relevance of the fly defence as a paradigm for innate immunity.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Drosophila Dscam Is an Axon Guidance Receptor Exhibiting Extraordinary Molecular Diversity
Dietmar Schmucker,James C. Clemens,James C. Clemens,Huidy Shu,Carolyn A. Worby,Jian Xiao,Marco Muda,Jack E. Dixon,S. Lawrence Zipursky +8 more
TL;DR: CDNA and genomic analyses reveal the existence of multiple forms of Dscam with a conserved architecture containing variable Ig and transmembrane domains, which may contribute to the specificity of neuronal connectivity.
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Functional genomic analysis of phagocytosis and identification of a Drosophila receptor for E. coli.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that PGRP-LC is an essential component for recognition and signalling of Gram-negative bacteria and is important for antibacterial peptide synthesis induced by Escherichia coli both in vitro and in vivo.
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Somatic diversification of variable lymphocyte receptors in the agnathan sea lamprey
Zeev Pancer,Chris T. Amemiya,Götz R. A. Ehrhardt,Jill Ceitlin,G. Larry Gartland,Max D. Cooper +5 more
TL;DR: The search for the phylogenetic roots of adaptive immunity in the lamprey has instead identified a new type of variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) composed of highly diverse leucine-rich repeats (LRR) sandwiched between amino- and carboxy-terminal LRRs.
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Signaling Role of Hemocytes in Drosophila JAK/STAT-Dependent Response to Septic Injury
Hervé Agaisse,Ulla Maja Petersen,Michael Boutros,Bernard Mathey-Prevot,Norbert Perrimon,Norbert Perrimon +5 more
TL;DR: This study reveals that, in addition to the pattern recognition receptor-mediated NF-KB-dependent immune response, Drosophila undergoes a complex systemic response that is mediated by the production of cytokines in blood cells, a process that is similar to the acute phase response in mammals.
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Folding of helical membrane proteins: the role of polar, GxxxG-like and proline motifs.
TL;DR: Three types of transmembrane motifs have recently seen interesting developments: the GxxxG motif and its like; polar and hydrogen bonding motifs; and proline motifs.