The Host Defense of Drosophila melanogaster
Bruno Lemaitre,Jules A. Hoffmann +1 more
TLDR
The current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying Drosophila defense reactions together with strategies evolved by pathogens to evade them are reviewed.Abstract:
To combat infection, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster relies on multiple innate defense reactions, many of which are shared with higher organisms. These reactions include the use of physical barriers together with local and systemic immune responses. First, epithelia, such as those beneath the cuticle, in the alimentary tract, and in tracheae, act both as a physical barrier and local defense against pathogens by producing antimicrobial peptides and reactive oxygen species. Second, specialized hemocytes participate in phagocytosis and encapsulation of foreign intruders in the hemolymph. Finally, the fat body, a functional equivalent of the mammalian liver, produces humoral response molecules including antimicrobial peptides. Here we review our current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying Drosophila defense reactions together with strategies evolved by pathogens to evade them.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
A Renaissance of Elicitors: Perception of Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns and Danger Signals by Pattern-Recognition Receptors
Thomas Boller,Georg Felix +1 more
TL;DR: Current evidence indicates that MAMPs, DAMPs, and effectors are all perceived as danger signals and induce a stereotypic defense response, and the importance of MAMP/PRR signaling for plant immunity is highlighted.
Journal ArticleDOI
Evolution of genes and genomes on the Drosophila phylogeny.
Andrew G. Clark,Michael B. Eisen,Michael B. Eisen,Douglas Smith,Casey M. Bergman,Brian Oliver,Therese A. Markow,Thomas C. Kaufman,Manolis Kellis,Manolis Kellis,William M. Gelbart,Venky N. Iyer,Daniel A. Pollard,Timothy B. Sackton,Amanda M. Larracuente,Nadia D. Singh,José P. Abad,Dawn N. Abt,Boris Adryan,Montserrat Aguadé,Hiroshi Akashi,Wyatt W. Anderson,Charles F. Aquadro,David H. Ardell,Roman Arguello,Carlo G. Artieri,Daniel A. Barbash,Daniel Barker,Paolo Barsanti,Phil Batterham,Serafim Batzoglou,Dave Begun,Arjun Bhutkar,Arjun Bhutkar,Enrico Blanco,Stephanie Bosak,Robert K. Bradley,Adrianne Brand,Michael R. Brent,Angela N. Brooks,Randall H. Brown,Roger K. Butlin,Corrado Caggese,Brian R. Calvi,A. Bernardo Carvalho,Anat Caspi,Sergio Castrezana,Susan E. Celniker,Jean L. Chang,Charles Chapple,Sourav Chatterji,Sourav Chatterji,Asif T. Chinwalla,Alberto Civetta,Sandra W. Clifton,Josep M. Comeron,James C. Costello,Jerry A. Coyne,Jennifer Daub,Robert David,Arthur L. Delcher,Kim D. Delehaunty,Chuong B. Do,Heather Ebling,Kevin A. Edwards,Thomas H. Eickbush,Jay D. Evans,Alan Filipski,Sven Findeiß,Sven Findeiß,Eva Freyhult,Lucinda Fulton,Robert S. Fulton,Ana Cristina Lauer Garcia,Anastasia Gardiner,David A. Garfield,Barry E. Garvin,Greg Gibson,Don Gilbert,Sante Gnerre,Jennifer Godfrey,Robert T. Good,Valer Gotea,Brenton Gravely,Anthony J. Greenberg,Sam Griffiths-Jones,Sam Griffiths-Jones,Samuel R. Gross,Roderic Guigó,Erik Gustafson,Wilfried Haerty,Matthew W. Hahn,Daniel L. Halligan,Aaron L. Halpern,Gillian M. Halter,Mira V. Han,Andreas Heger,LaDeana W. Hillier,Angie S. Hinrichs,Ian Holmes,Roger A. Hoskins,Melissa J. Hubisz,Dan Hultmark,Melanie A. Huntley,David B. Jaffe,Santosh Jagadeeshan,William R. Jeck,Justin Johnson,Corbin D. Jones,William C. Jordan,Gary H. Karpen,Gary H. Karpen,Eiko Kataoka,Peter D. Keightley,Pouya Kheradpour,Ewen F. Kirkness,Leonardo Koerich,Karsten Kristiansen,Dave Kudrna,Rob J. Kulathinal,Sudhir Kumar,Roberta Kwok,Eric S. Lander,Charles H. Langley,Richard T. Lapoint,Brian P. Lazzaro,So Jeong Lee,Lisa Levesque,Ruiqiang Li,Ruiqiang Li,Chiao-Feng Lin,Michael F. Lin,Michael F. Lin,Kerstin Lindblad-Toh,Ana Llopart,Manyuan Long,Lloyd Low,Elena R. Lozovsky,Jian Lu,Meizhong Luo,Carlos A. Machado,Wojciech Makalowski,Mar Marzo,Muneo Matsuda,Luciano M. Matzkin,Bryant F. McAllister,Carolyn S. McBride,Brendan McKernan,Kevin McKernan,Maria Mendez-Lago,Patrick Minx,Michael U. Mollenhauer,Kristi L. Montooth,Stephen M. Mount,Xu Mu,Eugene W. Myers,Bárbara Negre,Stuart J. Newfeld,Rasmus Nielsen,Mohamed A. F. Noor,Patrick M. O’Grady,Lior Pachter,Montserrat Papaceit,Matthew J. Parisi,Michael Parisi,Leopold Parts,Jakob Skou Pedersen,Jakob Skou Pedersen,Graziano Pesole,Adam M. Phillippy,Chris P. Ponting,Mihai Pop,Damiano Porcelli,Jeffrey R. Powell,Sonja J. Prohaska,Kim D. Pruitt,Marta Sabariego Puig,Hadi Quesneville,Kristipati Ravi Ram,David M. Rand,Matthew D. Rasmussen,Laura K. Reed,Robert A. Reenan,Amy Denise Reily,Karin A. Remington,Tania Tassinari Rieger,Michael G. Ritchie,Charles Robin,Yu-Hui Rogers,Claudia Rohde,Julio Rozas,Marc Rubenfield,Alfredo Ruiz,Susan M. Russo,Steven L. Salzberg,Alejandro Sánchez-Gracia,Alejandro Sánchez-Gracia,David J. Saranga,Hajime Sato,Stephen W. Schaeffer,Michael C. Schatz,Todd A. Schlenke,Russell Schwartz,Carmen Segarra,Rama S. Singh,Laura K. Sirot,Marina Sirota,Nicholas Sisneros,Christopher D. Smith,Christopher D. Smith,Temple F. Smith,John Spieth,Deborah E. Stage,Alexander Stark,Alexander Stark,Wolfgang Stephan,Robert L. Strausberg,Sebastian Strempel,David Sturgill,Granger G. Sutton,Granger G. Sutton,Wei Tao,Sarah A. Teichmann,Yoshiko N. Tobari,Yoshihiko Tomimura,Jason M. Tsolas,Vera L. S. Valente,Eli Venter,J. Craig Venter,Saverio Vicario,Filipe G. Vieira,Albert J. Vilella,Alfredo Villasante,Brian P. Walenz,Jun Wang,Jun Wang,Marvin Wasserman,Thomas D. Watts,Derek Wilson,Richard K. Wilson,Rod A. Wing,Mariana F. Wolfner,Alex Wong,Gane Ka-Shu Wong,Gane Ka-Shu Wong,Chung-I Wu,Gabriel C. Wu,Daisuke Yamamoto,Hsiao Pei Yang,Shiaw Pyng Yang,James A. Yorke,Kiyohito Yoshida,Evgeny M. Zdobnov,Peili Zhang,Yu Zhang,Aleksey V. Zimin,Jennifer Baldwin,Amr Abdouelleil,Jamal Abdulkadir,Adal Abebe,Brikti Abera,Justin Abreu,St Christophe Acer,Lynne Aftuck,Allen Alexander,Peter An,Erica Anderson,Scott Anderson,Harindra Arachi,Marc Azer,Pasang Bachantsang,Andrew Barry,Tashi Bayul,Aaron M. Berlin,Daniel Bessette,Toby Bloom,Jason Blye,Leonid Boguslavskiy,Claude Bonnet,Boris Boukhgalter,Imane Bourzgui,Adam Brown,Patrick Cahill,Sheridon Channer,Yama Cheshatsang,Lisa Chuda,Mieke Citroen,Alville Collymore,Patrick Cooke,Maura Costello,Katie D'Aco,Riza M. Daza,Georgius De Haan,Stuart DeGray,Christina Demaso,Norbu Dhargay,Kimberly Dooley,Erin E. Dooley,Missole Doricent,Passang Dorje,Kunsang Dorjee,Alan Dupes,Richard Elong,Jill Falk,Abderrahim Farina,Susan Faro,Diallo Ferguson,Sheila Fisher,Chelsea D. Foley,Alicia Franke,Dennis C. Friedrich,Loryn Gadbois,Gary Gearin,Christina R. Gearin,Georgia Giannoukos,Tina Goode,Joseph Graham,Edward Grandbois,Sharleen Grewal,Kunsang Gyaltsen,Nabil Hafez,Birhane Hagos,Jennifer L. Hall,Charlotte Henson,Andrew Hollinger,Tracey Honan,Monika D. Huard,Leanne Hughes,Brian Hurhula,M. Erii Husby,Asha Kamat,Ben Kanga,Seva Kashin,Dmitry Khazanovich,Peter Kisner,Krista Lance,Marcia Lara,William Lee,Niall J. Lennon,Frances Letendre,Rosie Levine,Alex Lipovsky,Xiaohong Liu,Jinlei Liu,Shangtao Liu,Tashi Lokyitsang,Yeshi Lokyitsang,Rakela Lubonja,Annie Lui,Pen MacDonald,Vasilia Magnisalis,Kebede Maru,Charles Matthews,William McCusker,Susan McDonough,Teena Mehta,James Meldrim,Louis Meneus,Oana Mihai,Atanas Mihalev,Tanya Mihova,Rachel Mittelman,Valentine Mlenga,Anna Montmayeur,Leonidas Mulrain,Adam Navidi,Jerome Naylor,Tamrat Negash,Thu Nguyen,Nga Nguyen,Robert Nicol,Choe Norbu,Nyima Norbu,Nathaniel Novod,Barry O'Neill,Sahal Osman,Eva Markiewicz,Otero L. Oyono,Christopher Patti,Pema Phunkhang,Fritz Pierre,Margaret Priest,Sujaa Raghuraman,Filip Rege,Rebecca Reyes,Cecil Rise,Peter Rogov,Keenan Ross,Elizabeth P. Ryan,Sampath Settipalli,Terry Shea,Ngawang Sherpa,Lu Shi,Diana Shih,Todd Sparrow,Jessica Spaulding,John Stalker,Nicole Stange-Thomann,Sharon Stavropoulos,Catherine Stone,Christopher Strader,Senait Tesfaye,Talene Thomson,Yama Thoulutsang,Dawa Thoulutsang,Kerri Topham,Ira Topping,Tsamla Tsamla,Helen Vassiliev,Andy Vo,Tsering Wangchuk,Tsering Wangdi,Michael Weiand,Jane Wilkinson,Adam Wilson,Shailendra Yadav,Geneva Young,Qing Yu,Lisa Zembek,Danni Zhong,Andrew Zimmer,Zac Zwirko,Pablo Alvarez,William Brockman,Jonathan Butler,Cheewhye Chin,Manfred Grabherr,Michael Kleber,Evan Mauceli,Iain MacCallum +429 more
TL;DR: These genome sequences augment the formidable genetic tools that have made Drosophila melanogaster a pre-eminent model for animal genetics, and will further catalyse fundamental research on mechanisms of development, cell biology, genetics, disease, neurobiology, behaviour, physiology and evolution.
Journal ArticleDOI
Taking dendritic cells into medicine
TL;DR: Some medical implications of DC biology that account for illness and provide opportunities for prevention and therapy are presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
The gut microbiota of insects - diversity in structure and function.
Philipp Engel,Nancy A. Moran +1 more
TL;DR: Gut bacteria of other insects have also been shown to contribute to nutrition, protection from parasites and pathogens, modulation of immune responses, and communication, and the extent of these roles is still unclear and awaits further studies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Genome Sequence of the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum
Stephen Richards,Richard A. Gibbs,Nicole M. Gerardo,Nancy A. Moran,Atsushi Nakabachi,David L. Stern,Denis Tagu,Alex C.C. Wilson,Donna M. Muzny,Christie Kovar,Andy Cree,Joseph Chacko,Mimi N. Chandrabose,Marvin Diep Dao,Huyen Dinh,Ramatu Ayiesha Gabisi,Sandra Hines,Jennifer Hume,Shalini N. Jhangian,Vandita Joshi,Lora Lewis,Yih Shin Liu,John Lopez,Margaret Morgan,Ngoc Nguyen,Geoffrey Okwuonu,San Juana Ruiz,Jireh Santibanez,Rita A. Wright,Gerald R. Fowler,Matthew Hitchens,Ryan J. Lozado,Charles Moen,David Steffen,James T. Warren,Jingkun Zhang,Lynne V. Nazareth,Dean Chavez,Clay Davis,Sandra L. Lee,Bella Mayurkumar Patel,Ling Ling Pu,Stephanie Bell,Angela Jolivet Johnson,Selina Vattathil,Rex Lee Williams,Shuji Shigenobu,Shuji Shigenobu,Phat M. Dang,Mizue Morioka,Takema Fukatsu,Toshiaki Kudo,Shin-ya Miyagishima,Huaiyang Jiang,Kim C. Worley,Fabrice Legeai,Jean-Pierre Gauthier,Olivier Collin,Lan Zhang,Hsiu Chuan Chen,Olga Ermolaeva,Wratko Hlavina,Yuri Kapustin,Boris Kiryutin,Paul Kitts,Donna Maglott,Terence Murphy,Kim D. Pruitt,Victor Sapojnikov,Alexandre Souvorov,Françoise Thibaud-Nissen,Francisco Câmara,Roderic Guigó,Mario Stanke,Victor V. Solovyev,Peter Kosarev,Don Gilbert,Toni Gabaldón,Jaime Huerta-Cepas,Marina Marcet-Houben,Miguel Pignatelli,Andrés Moya,Claude Rispe,Morgane Ollivier,Hadi Quesneville,Emmanuelle Permal,Carlos Llorens,Ricardo Futami,Dale Hedges,Hugh M. Robertson,Tyler Alioto,Marco Mariotti,Naruo Nikoh,John P. McCutcheon,Gaelen R. Burke,Alexandra Kamins,Amparo Latorre,Peter D. Ashton,Federica Calevro,Hubert Charles,Stefano Colella,Angela E. Douglas,Georg Jander,Derek H. Jones,Gérard Febvay,Lars G. Kamphuis,Philip F. Kushlan,Sandy J. Macdonald,John S Ramsey,Julia Schwartz,Stuart Seah,Gavin H. Thomas,Augusto F. Vellozo,Augusto F. Vellozo,Bodil N. Cass,Patrick H. Degnan,Bonnie L. Hurwitz,Teresa E. Leonardo,Ryuichi Koga,Boran Altincicek,Caroline Anselme,Hagop S. Atamian,Seth M. Barribeau,Martin De Vos,Elizabeth J. Duncan,Jay D. Evans,Murad Ghanim,Abdelaziz Heddi,Isgouhi Kaloshian,Carole Vincent-Monégat,Ben J. Parker,Vicente Pérez-Brocal,Vicente Pérez-Brocal,Yvan Rahbé,Chelsea J. Spragg,Javier Tamames,Daniel Tamarit,Cecilia Tamborindeguy,Andreas Vilcinskas,Ryan D. Bickel,Jennifer A. Brisson,Thomas Butts,Chun-che Chang,Olivier Christiaens,Gregory K. Davis,Elizabeth Duncan,David E. K. Ferrier,Masatoshi Iga,Ralf Janssen,Hsiao-ling Lu,Alistair P. McGregor,Toru Miura,Guy Smagghe,James M Smith,Maurijn van der Zee,Rodrigo A. Velarde,Megan J. Wilson,Peter K. Dearden,Owain R. Edwards,Owain R. Edwards,Karl H.J. Gordon,Roland Hilgarth,Stanley Dean Rider,Dayalan G. Srinivasan,Tom Walsh,Asano Ishikawa,Stéphanie Jaubert-Possamai,Brian Fenton,Wenting Huang,Guillaume Rizk,Dominique Lavenier,Jacques Nicolas,Carole M. Smadja,Jing-Jiang Zhou,Filipe G. Vieira,Xiao Li He,Renhu Liu,Julio Rozas,Linda M. Field,Peter M. Campbell,James C. Carolan,Carol I. J. Fitzroy,Karen T. Reardon,Gerald R. Reeck,Gerald R. Reeck,Karam B. Singh,T. L. Wilkinson,Jurgen Huybrechts,Mohatmed Abdel-latief,Alain Robichon,Jan A. Veenstra,Frank Hauser,Giuseppe Cazzamali,Martina Schneider,Michael Williamson,Elisabeth Stafflinger,Karina K. Hansen,Cornelis J. P. Grimmelikhuijzen,Daniel R. G. Price,Marina C. Caillaud,Eric Van Fleet,Qinghu Ren,John A. Gatehouse,Véronique Brault,Baptiste Monsion,Jason Diaz,Laura Hunnicutt,Ho Jong Ju,Ximo Pechuan,José Aguilar,Teresa Cortes,Benjamín Ortiz-Rivas,David Martínez-Torres,Aviv Dombrovsky,Richard Dale,T.G. Emyr Davies,Martin S. Williamson,Andrew K. Jones,David B. Sattelle,Sally M. Williamson,Adrian J. Wolstenholme,Ludovic Cottret,David G. Heckel,Wayne B. Hunter +223 more
TL;DR: The genome of the pea aphid shows remarkable levels of gene duplication and equally remarkable gene absences that shed light on aspects of aphid biology, most especially its symbiosis with Buchnera.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
The Dorsoventral Regulatory Gene Cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus Controls the Potent Antifungal Response in Drosophila Adults
TL;DR: It is shown that mutations in the Toll signaling pathway dramatically reduce survival after fungal infection and the intracellular components of the dorsoventral signaling pathway and the extracellular Toll ligand, spätzle, control expression of the antifungal peptide gene drosomycin in adults.
Journal ArticleDOI
MAP kinase signalling cascade in Arabidopsis innate immunity
Tsuneaki Asai,Guillaume Tena,Joulia Plotnikova,Matthew R. Willmann,Wan-Ling Chiu,Lourdes Gómez-Gómez,Thomas Boller,Frederick M. Ausubel,Jen Sheen +8 more
TL;DR: An Arabidopsis thaliana leaf cell system based on the induction of early-defence gene transcription by flagellin, a highly conserved component of bacterial flagella that functions as a PAMP in plants and mammals is developed, suggesting that signalling events initiated by diverse pathogens converge into a conserved MAPK cascade.
Journal ArticleDOI
The prophenoloxidase-activating system in invertebrates.
Lage Cerenius,Kenneth Söderhäll +1 more
TL;DR: A major innate defense system in invertebrates is the melanization of pathogens and damaged tissues, which is controlled by the enzyme phenoloxidase that in turn is regulated in a highly elaborate manner for avoiding unnecessary production of highly toxic and reactive compounds.
Journal ArticleDOI
Comparative Genomics of the Eukaryotes
Gerald M. Rubin,Mark Yandell,Jennifer R. Wortman,George L. Gabor,Miklos,Catherine R. Nelson,Iswar K. Hariharan,Mark E. Fortini,Peter W. Li,Rolf Apweiler,Wolfgang Fleischmann,J. Michael Cherry,Steven Henikoff,Marian P. Skupski,Sima Misra,Michael Ashburner,Ewan Birney,Mark S. Boguski,Thomas Brody,Peter Brokstein,Susan E. Celniker,Stephen A. Chervitz,David Coates,Anibal Cravchik,Andrei Gabrielian,Richard F. Galle,William M. Gelbart,Reed A. George,Lawrence S.B. Goldstein,Fangcheng Gong,Ping Guan,Nomi L. Harris,Bruce A. Hay,Roger A. Hoskins,Jiayin Li,Zhenya Li,Richard O. Hynes,Steven J.M. Jones,Peter M. Kuehl,Bruno Lemaitre,J. Troy Littleton,Deborah K. Morrison,Christopher J. Mungall,Patrick H. O'Farrell,Oxana K. Pickeral,Chris Shue,Leslie B. Vosshall,Jiong Zhang,Qi Zhao,Xiangqun H. Zheng,Fei Zhong,Wenyan Zhong,Richard A. Gibbs,J. Craig Venter,Mark Raymond Adams,Suzanna E. Lewis +55 more
TL;DR: The fly has orthologs to 177 of the 289 human disease genes examined and provides the foundation for rapid analysis of some of the basic processes involved in human disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
The immune response of Drosophila.
TL;DR: Analysis of this defence by molecular genetics has now provided a global picture of the mechanisms by which this insect senses infection, discriminates between various classes of microorganisms and induces the production of effector molecules, among which antimicrobial peptides are prominent.