Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Etiology and Current and Future Drugs.
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TLDR
There is an urgent need for new systemic combination therapies that target different signaling mechanisms, thereby decreasing the prospect of cancer cells developing resistance to treatment, and currently approved drugs and other potential candidates of HCC such as Milcic lib, palbociclib, galunisertib, ipafricept, and ramucirumab are evaluated.Abstract:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is swiftly increasing in prevalence globally with a high mortality rate. The progression of HCC in patients is induced with advanced fibrosis, mainly cirrhosis, and hepatitis. The absence of proper preventive or curative treatment methods encouraged extensive research against HCC to develop new therapeutic strategies. The Food and Drug Administration-approved Nexavar (sorafenib) is used in the treatment of patients with unresectable HCC. In 2017, Stivarga (regorafenib) and Opdivo (nivolumab) got approved for patients with HCC after being treated with sorafenib, and in 2018, Lenvima (lenvatinib) got approved for patients with unresectable HCC. But, owing to the rapid drug resistance development and toxicities, these treatment options are not completely satisfactory. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new systemic combination therapies that target different signaling mechanisms, thereby decreasing the prospect of cancer cells developing resistance to treatment. In this review, HCC etiology and new therapeutic strategies that include currently approved drugs and other potential candidates of HCC such as Milciclib, palbociclib, galunisertib, ipafricept, and ramucirumab are evaluated.read more
Citations
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Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Yin Zongyi,Li Xiaowu +1 more
TL;DR: An overview of the liver immunoanatomy, the potential immune mechanisms of HCC, and current (pre)clinical developments in this field is provided.
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Circ_0001955 facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumorigenesis by sponging miR-516a-5p to release TRAF6 and MAPK11
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Multikinase Inhibitor Treatment in Thyroid Cancer.
Ole Vincent Ancker,Marcus Krüger,Markus Wehland,Manfred Infanger,Daniela Grimm,Daniela Grimm +5 more
TL;DR: The novel therapeutic regimen with MKIs has shown favorable results in otherwise treatment-resistant thyroid cancer, and it is important to focus on the management of AEs for a decent long-term outcome.
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MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hyuk Moon,Simon Weonsang Ro +1 more
TL;DR: The MAPK/ERK signaling pathway is activated in more than 50% of human HCC cases; however, activating mutations in RAS and RAF genes are rarely found in HCC as mentioned in this paper.
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Etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Special Focus on Fatty Liver Disease.
TL;DR: The etiology of HCC is recapitulates, focusing especially on the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)- and alcoholic fatty Liver disease (AFLD-associated HCC), with a focus on chronic liver inflammation and injury.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Sorafenib in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Josep M. Llovet,Sergio Ricci,Vincenzo Mazzaferro,Philip Hilgard,Edward Gane,Jean-Frédéric Blanc,André Cosme de Oliveira,Armando Santoro,Jean-Luc Raoul,Alejandro Forner,Myron Schwartz,Camillo Porta,Stefan Zeuzem,Luigi Bolondi,Tim F. Greten,Peter R. Galle,Jean Francois Seitz,Ivan Borbath,Dieter Häussinger,Tom Giannaris,Minghua Shan,M. Moscovici,D. Voliotis,Jordi Bruix +23 more
TL;DR: In patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, median survival and the time to radiologic progression were nearly 3 months longer for patients treated with sorafenib than for those given placebo.
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Nivolumab in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (CheckMate 040): an open-label, non-comparative, phase 1/2 dose escalation and expansion trial
Anthony B. El-Khoueiry,Bruno Sangro,Thomas Yau,Todd S. Crocenzi,Masatoshi Kudo,Chiun Hsu,Tae You Kim,Su Pin Choo,Jörg Trojan,Theodore H. Welling,Tim Meyer,Yoon-Koo Kang,Winnie Yeo,Akhil Chopra,Jeffrey Anderson,Christine Dela Cruz,Lixin Lang,Jaclyn Neely,Hao Tang,Homa Dastani,Ignacio Melero +20 more
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Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
TL;DR: This review summarizes the risk factors for HCC among HBV- or HCV-infected individuals, based on findings from epidemiologic studies and meta-analyses, as well as determinants of patient outcome and the HCC disease burden, globally and in the United States.
Journal ArticleDOI
Regorafenib for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who progressed on sorafenib treatment (RESORCE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial
Jordi Bruix,Shukui Qin,Philippe Merle,Alessandro Granito,Yi Hsiang Huang,György Bodoky,Marc Pracht,Osamu Yokosuka,Olivier Rosmorduc,Valeriy Breder,René Gerolami,Gianluca Masi,Paul Ross,Tianqiang Song,Jean-Pierre Bronowicki,Isabelle Ollivier-Hourmand,Masatoshi Kudo,Ann-Lii Cheng,Josep M. Llovet,Josep M. Llovet,Josep M. Llovet,Richard S. Finn,Marie Aude Leberre,Annette Baumhauer,Gerold Meinhardt,Guohong Han +25 more
TL;DR: Regorafenib is the only systemic treatment shown to provide survival benefit in HCC patients progressing on sorafenIB treatment, and future trials should explore combinations of regorAFenib with other systemic agents and third-line treatments for patients who fail or who do not tolerate the sequence of sorafanib and regorafinib.
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