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Influenza vaccine effectiveness against medically attended influenza illness in Beijing, China, 2014/15 season.

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TLDR
The influenza VE against medically attended influenza-like illness (ILI) associated with laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection using a test-negative design was estimated, and the effect of prior vaccination on current vaccination was examined.
Abstract
Influenza vaccination is the most effective way of preventing influenza infections but its coverage is extremely low in China. Poor influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) was reported in the 2014/15 ...

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI

The Use of Test-negative Controls to Monitor Vaccine Effectiveness: A Systematic Review of Methodology

TL;DR: If vaccination reduces disease severity in breakthrough infections, particular care must be taken in interpreting vaccine effectiveness estimates from test-negative design studies, including studies on VE against influenza virus, rotavirus, and nine other pathogens.
Journal ArticleDOI

Variable seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness across geographical regions, age groups and levels of vaccine antigenic similarity with circulating virus strains: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence from test-negative design studies after the 2009/10 influenza pandemic.

TL;DR: The authors examined the influence of some factors on seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness from test-negative design (TND) studies, using an inverse variance, random-effects model, and found consistent patterns appear to exist in seasonal influenza VE across regions, age groups, and levels of vaccine antigenic similarity with circulating virus strains.
Journal ArticleDOI

The 2015-2016 influenza epidemic in Beijing, China: Unlike elsewhere, circulation of influenza A(H3N2) with moderate vaccine effectiveness.

TL;DR: Overall the 2015-2016 TIV was protective against influenza infection in Beijing, with higher VE against the A(H3N2) viruses compared to A (H1N1)pdm09 and B viruses.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

The test-negative design for estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness.

TL;DR: It is shown that test-negative studies of influenza VE can produce biased VE estimates if they include persons seeking care for ARI when influenza is not circulating or do not adjust for calendar time.
Journal ArticleDOI

The case test-negative design for studies of the effectiveness of influenza vaccine.

TL;DR: Under sets of increasingly general assumptions, it is found that the case test-negative design can provide unbiased VE estimates, but if vaccinated cases are less severely ill and seek care less frequently than unvaccinated cases, then an appropriate adjustment for illness severity is required to avoid bias in effectiveness estimates.
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