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Measuring the metabolome: current analytical technologies

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TLDR
A review of mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy and vibrational spectroscopic techniques for the study of variations within the metabolome in many animal, plant and microbial systems discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each technique.
Abstract
The post-genomics era has brought with it ever increasing demands to observe and characterise variation within biological systems. This variation has been studied at the genomic (gene function), proteomic (protein regulation) and the metabolomic (small molecular weight metabolite) levels. Whilst genomics and proteomics are generally studied using microarrays (genomics) and 2D-gels or mass spectrometry (proteomics), the technique of choice is less obvious in the area of metabolomics. Much work has been published employing mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy and vibrational spectroscopic techniques, amongst others, for the study of variations within the metabolome in many animal, plant and microbial systems. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, putting the current status of the field of metabolomics in context, and providing examples of applications for each technique employed.

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Citations
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References
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Metabolomics - the link between genotypes and phenotypes

TL;DR: In this review, the differences among metabolite target analysis, metabolite profiling, and metabolic fingerprinting are clarified, and terms are defined.
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TL;DR: Metabonomics: understanding the metabolic responses of living systems to pathophysiological stimuli via multivariate statistical analysis of biological NMR spectroscopic data by using NMR data from Xenobiotica.
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TL;DR: The use of metabolite profiling is described as a new tool for a comparative display of gene function and has the potential not only to provide deeper insight into complex regulatory processes but also to determine phenotype directly.
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Growth Stage –Based Phenotypic Analysis of Arabidopsis: A Model for High Throughput Functional Genomics in Plants

TL;DR: Analysis of the development of wild-type Columbia (Col-0) plants and selected mutants are presented to illustrate a framework methodology that can be used to identify and interpret phenotypic differences in plants resulting from genetic variation and/or environmental stress.
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