Journal ArticleDOI
Progress and novel strategies in vaccine development and treatment of anthrax
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TLDR
Although anthrax is acknowledged as a toxinogenic disease, additional factors, other than the bacterial toxin, may be involved in the virulence of B. anthracis and may be needed for the long‐lasting protection conferred by PA immunization.Abstract:
The lethal anthrax disease is caused by spores of the gram-positive Bacillus anthracis, a member of the cereus group of bacilli. Although the disease is very rare in the Western world, development of anthrax countermeasures gains increasing attention due to the potential use of B. anthracis spores as a bio-terror weapon. Protective antigen (PA), the non-toxic subunit of the bacterial secreted exotoxin, fulfills the role of recognizing a specific receptor and mediating the entry of the toxin into the host target cells. PA elicits a protective immune response and represents the basis for all current anthrax vaccines. Anti-PA neutralizing antibodies are useful correlates for protection and for vaccine efficacy evaluation. Post exposure anti-toxemic and anti-bacteremic prophylactic treatment of anthrax requires prolonged antibiotic administration. Shorter efficient postexposure treatments may require active or passive immunization, in addition to antibiotics. Although anthrax is acknowledged as a toxinogenic disease, additional factors, other than the bacterial toxin, may be involved in the virulence of B. anthracis and may be needed for the long-lasting protection conferred by PA immunization. The search for such novel factors is the focus of several high throughput genomic and proteomic studies that are already leading to identification of novel targets for therapeutics, for vaccine candidates, as well as biomarkers for detection and diagnosis.read more
Citations
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Designing of interferon-gamma inducing MHC class-II binders
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Mechanisms of biocontrol and plant growth-promoting activity in soil bacterial species of Bacillus and Pseudomonas: a review
TL;DR: This review analyzes pioneering and recent works and the mechanisms used by Bacillus and Pseudomonas in their behaviour as biocontrol and PGP agents, discussing their mode of action by comparing the two genera.
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DNA vaccines: roles against diseases.
TL;DR: DNA vaccines against cancer, tuberculosis, Edwardsiella tarda, HIV, anthrax, influenza, malaria, dengue, typhoid and other diseases were explored and advantages and disadvantages have been explained.
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Anthrax and the inflammasome
TL;DR: The current understanding of LT-induced activation of Nlrp1 in cells and its consequences for toxin-mediated effects in rodent toxin and spore challenge models is presented.
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Synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines: challenges and opportunities
TL;DR: The review will introduce the recent development of fully synthetic glycoconjugate vaccine, which is in different phases of clinical trial for bacteria or cancers.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Anthrax toxin edema factor: a bacterial adenylate cyclase that increases cyclic AMP concentrations of eukaryotic cells.
TL;DR: It is shown here that EF is an adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1] produced by Bacillus anthracis in an inactive form and nearly equals that of the most active known cyclase.
Journal ArticleDOI
Identification of the cellular receptor for anthrax toxin.
Kenneth A. Bradley,Jeremy Mogridge,Jeremy Mogridge,Michael Mourez,Robert J. Collier,John A. Young +5 more
TL;DR: The cloning of the human PA receptor is described using a genetic complementation approach and a soluble version of this domain can protect cells from the action of the toxin.
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The genome sequence of Bacillus anthracis Ames and comparison to closely related bacteria
Timothy D. Read,Timothy D. Read,Scott N. Peterson,Scott N. Peterson,Nicolas J. Tourasse,Les Baillie,Les Baillie,Ian T. Paulsen,Ian T. Paulsen,Karen E. Nelson,Hervé Tettelin,Derrick E. Fouts,Jonathan A. Eisen,Jonathan A. Eisen,Steven R. Gill,Erik Holtzapple,Ole Andreas Økstad,Erlendur Helgason,Jennifer Rilstone,Martin Wu,James F. Kolonay,Maureen J. Beanan,Robert J. Dodson,Lauren M. Brinkac,Michelle L. Gwinn,Robert T. DeBoy,Ramana Madpu,Sean C. Daugherty,A. Scott Durkin,Daniel H. Haft,William C. Nelson,Jeremy Peterson,Mihai Pop,Hoda Khouri,Diana Radune,Jonathan L. Benton,Yasmin Mahamoud,Lingxia Jiang,Ioana R. Hance,Janice Weidman,Kristi Berry,Roger D. Plaut,Alex M. Wolf,Kisha Watkins,William C. Nierman,Alyson Hazen,Robin T. Cline,Caroline Redmond,Joanne Elizabeth Thwaite,Owen White,Steven L. Salzberg,Steven L. Salzberg,Brendan Thomason,Arthur M. Friedlander,Theresa M. Koehler,Philip C. Hanna,Anne-Brit Kolstø,Claire M. Fraser,Claire M. Fraser +58 more
TL;DR: Several chromosomally encoded proteins that may contribute to pathogenicity—including haemolysins, phospholipases and iron acquisition functions—and numerous surface proteins that might be important targets for vaccines and drugs are found.
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Genomics of the Bacillus cereus group of organisms
TL;DR: This group of organisms represents microbes of high economic, medical and biodefense importance and contains the highest number of closely related fully sequenced genomes, giving the unique opportunity for thorough comparative genomic analyses.
Journal ArticleDOI
Demonstration of a capsule plasmid in Bacillus anthracis.
TL;DR: Proof that pXO2 is involved in capsule synthesis came from experiments in which the plasmid was transferred by CP-51-mediated transduction and by a mating system in which plasmids transfer is mediated by a Bacillus thuringiensis fertility plasmide, pXo12.