Regional Brain Changes in Aging Healthy Adults: General Trends, Individual Differences and Modifiers
Naftali Raz,Ulman Lindenberger,Karen M. Rodrigue,Kristen M. Kennedy,Denise Head,Adrienne Williamson,Cheryl L. Dahle,Denis Gerstorf,James D. Acker +8 more
TLDR
In this paper, the authors present longitudinal measures of five-year change in the regional brain volumes in healthy adults and assess the average and individual differences in volume changes and the effects of age, sex and hypertension with latent difference score modeling.Abstract:
Brain aging research relies mostly on cross-sectional studies, which infer true changes from age differences. We present longitudinal measures of five-year change in the regional brain volumes in healthy adults. Average and individual differences in volume changes and the effects of age, sex and hypertension were assessed with latent difference score modeling. The caudate, the cerebellum, the hippocampus and the association cortices shrunk substantially. There was minimal change in the entorhinal and none in the primary visual cortex. Longitudinal measures of shrinkage exceeded cross-sectional estimates. All regions except the inferior parietal lobule showed individual differences in change. Shrinkage of the cerebellum decreased from young to middle adulthood, and increased from middle adulthood to old age. Shrinkage of the hippocampus, the entorhinal cortices, the inferior temporal cortex and the prefrontal white matter increased with age. Moreover, shrinkage in the hippocampus and the cerebellum accelerated with age. In the hippocampus, both linear and quadratic trends in incremental age-related shrinkage were limited to the hypertensive participants. Individual differences in shrinkage correlated across some regions, suggesting common causes. No sex differences in age trends except for the caudate were observed. We found no evidence of neuroprotective effects of larger brain size or educational attainment.read more
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Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory
Kirk I. Erickson,Michelle W. Voss,Ruchika Shaurya Prakash,Chandramallika Basak,Amanda N. Szabo,Laura Chaddock,Jennifer S. Kim,Susie Heo,Heloisa Alves,Siobhan M. White,Thomas R. Wójcicki,Emily L. Mailey,Victoria J. Vieira,Stephen A. Martin,Brandt D. Pence,Jeffrey A. Woods,Edward McAuley,Arthur F. Kramer +17 more
TL;DR: It is shown that aerobic exercise training increases the size of the anterior hippocampus, leading to improvements in spatial memory, and that increased hippocampal volume is associated with greater serum levels of BDNF, a mediator of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Adaptive Brain: Aging and Neurocognitive Scaffolding
TL;DR: The scaffolding theory of aging and cognition (STAC) is proposed, suggesting that pervasive increased frontal activation with age is a marker of an adaptive brain that engages in compensatory scaffolding in response to the challenges posed by declining neural structures and function.
Journal ArticleDOI
When does age-related cognitive decline begin?
TL;DR: Results from three methods of estimating retest effects in this project converge on a conclusion that some aspects of age-related cognitive decline begin in healthy educated adults when they are in their 20s and 30s.
Journal ArticleDOI
Motor Control and Aging: Links to Age-Related Brain Structural, Functional, and Biochemical Effects
Rachael D. Seidler,Jessica A. Bernard,Taritonye B. Burutolu,Brett W. Fling,Mark T. Gordon,Joseph T. Gwin,Youngbin Kwak,David B. Lipps +7 more
TL;DR: In general, older adults exhibit involvement of more widespread brain regions for motor control than young adults, particularly the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia networks, resulting in an imbalance of "supply and demand".
Journal ArticleDOI
Distinct Genetic Influences on Cortical Surface Area and Cortical Thickness
Matthew S. Panizzon,Christine Fennema-Notestine,Lisa T. Eyler,Terry L. Jernigan,Elizabeth Prom-Wormley,Michael C. Neale,Kristen C. Jacobson,Michael J. Lyons,Michael D. Grant,Carol E. Franz,Hong Xian,Ming T. Tsuang,Ming T. Tsuang,Bruce Fischl,Larry J. Seidman,Anders M. Dale,William S. Kremen,William S. Kremen +17 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that cortical volume measures combine at least 2 distinct sources of genetic influences, and using volume in a genetically informative study, or as an endophenotype for a disorder, may confound the underlying genetic architecture of brain structure.
References
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