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Journal ArticleDOI

Surface Studies of Solids by Total Reflection of X-Rays

Lyman G. Parratt
- 15 Jul 1954 - 
- Vol. 95, Iss: 2, pp 359-369
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TLDR
In this paper, the shape of the curve of reflected x-ray intensity vs glancing angle in the region of total reflection was analyzed to study certain structural properties of the mirror surface about 10 to several hundred angstroms deep.
Abstract
Analysis of the shape of the curve of reflected x-ray intensity vs glancing angle in the region of total reflection provides a new method of studying certain structural properties of the mirror surface about 10 to several hundred angstroms deep. Dispersion theory, extended to treat any (small) number of stratified homogeneous media, is used as a basis of interpretation.Curves for evaporated copper on glass at room temperature are studied as an example. These curves may be explained by assuming that the copper (exposed to atmospheric air at room temperature) has completely oxidized about 150A deep. If oxidation is less deep, there probably exists some general reduction of density (e.g., porosity) and an electron density minimum just below an internal oxide seal. This seal, about 25A below the nominal surface plane, arrests further oxidation of more deeply-lying loose-packed copper crystallites.All measurements to date have been carried out under laboratory atmospheric conditions which do not allow satisfactory separation or control of the physical and chemical variables involved in the surface peculiarities. The method, under more controlled conditions of preparation and treatment of the surface, promises to be useful.

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Journal ArticleDOI

X-Ray Reflectivity Measurements Of The Expansion Of Carbon-Films Upon Annealing

TL;DR: In this paper, the x-ray reflectivity of amorphous carbon films was measured both before and after annealing, and it was shown that the increase in film thickness with a corresponding decrease in density is due to changes in the interatomic bonding associated with transition to a graphitic microstructure.
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Ligands affect the crystal structure and photovoltaic performance of thin films of PbSe quantum dots

TL;DR: In this article, a layer-by-layer technique was used to construct a PbSe QD with three different ligands, oleic acid (OA), butylamine (BA), and 1,2-ethanedithiol (EDT), which have pronounced affects on the arrangement and photovoltaic performance of the QDs in the thin films.
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Neutron reflectometry study of swelling of polyelectrolyte multilayers in water vapors: influence of charge density of the polycation.

TL;DR: The swelling of polyelectrolyte (PE) multilayers (PEM) in water (H2O) vapors was studied and it was found that the film thickness increases when the charge density of the polycation decreases.
Journal ArticleDOI

Grazing incidence X-ray fluorescence analysis

TL;DR: In this paper, the X-ray external total reflection method was applied to the analysis of the concentration profile of As atoms near the Si surface, where Si wafers were implanted with As ions and then annealed at a high temperature.
Journal ArticleDOI

Soft X-ray resonant magnetic scattering studies on Fe/CoO exchange bias system

TL;DR: In this article, the authors used soft X-ray resonant magnetic scattering (XRMS) to search for the presence of an effective ferromagnetic moment belonging to the antiferromagnetic (AF) layer which is in close contact with a F layer.
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