Journal ArticleDOI
TFOS DEWS II Sex, Gender, and Hormones Report
David A. Sullivan,Eduardo Rocha,Pasquale Aragona,Janine A. Clayton,Juan Ding,Blanka Golebiowski,Ulrike Hampel,Alison M. McDermott,Debra A. Schaumberg,Debra A. Schaumberg,Sruthi Srinivasan,Piera Versura,Mark D. P. Willcox +12 more
TLDR
Overall, sex, gender and hormones play a major role in the regulation of ocular surface and adnexal tissues, and in the difference in DED prevalence between women and men.Abstract:
One of the most compelling features of dry eye disease (DED) is that it occurs more frequently in women than men. In fact, the female sex is a significant risk factor for the development of DED. This sex-related difference in DED prevalence is attributed in large part to the effects of sex steroids (e.g. androgens, estrogens), hypothalamic-pituitary hormones, glucocorticoids, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 and thyroid hormones, as well as to the sex chromosome complement, sex-specific autosomal factors and epigenetics (e.g. microRNAs). In addition to sex, gender also appears to be a risk factor for DED. "Gender" and "sex" are words that are often used interchangeably, but they have distinct meanings. "Gender" refers to a person's self-representation as a man or woman, whereas "sex" distinguishes males and females based on their biological characteristics. Both gender and sex affect DED risk, presentation of the disease, immune responses, pain, care-seeking behaviors, service utilization, and myriad other facets of eye health. Overall, sex, gender and hormones play a major role in the regulation of ocular surface and adnexal tissues, and in the difference in DED prevalence between women and men. The purpose of this Subcommittee report is to review and critique the nature of this role, as well as to recommend areas for future research to advance our understanding of the interrelationships between sex, gender, hormones and DED.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Risk Factors for Dry Eye in Mainland China: A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Hospital-Based Study.
TL;DR: Dry eye was commonly diagnosed among ophthalmic outpatients in mainland China and risk factors for dry eye included female sex, higher age, certain systemic diseases and use of certain medications.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effect of Single Instillation of Two Hyaluronic Acid-Based Topical Lubricants on Tear Film Thickness in Patients with Dry Eye Syndrome.
Stephan Szegedi,Ulrike Scheschy,Doreen Schmidl,Valentin Aranha dos Santos,Hannes Stegmann,Narine Adzhemian,Klemens Fondi,Ahmed M. Bata,René M. Werkmeister,Chantal Couderc,Leopold Schmetterer,Gerhard Garhöfer +11 more
TL;DR: Single administration of HTP and HA significantly increased TFT showing a longer residence time and improved subjective symptoms, whereas instillation of NaCl had no effect.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sex and age differences in symptoms and signs of dry eye disease in a Norwegian cohort of patients.
Sara Tellefsen Nøland,Sara Tellefsen Nøland,Reza A. Badian,Tor Paaske Utheim,Øygunn Aass Utheim,Aleksandar Stojanovic,Behzod Tashbayev,Sten Raeder,Darlene A. Dartt,Xiangjun Chen +9 more
TL;DR: Sex and age differences in dry eye were most consistent in TFBUT and ME, that indicate differences in meibomian gland functionality, and is important in future studies investigating DED in other populations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Once-Daily Cyclosporine-A-MiDROPS for Treatment of Dry Eye Disease.
TL;DR: CsA-MiDROPS showed superior drug delivery and efficacy compared with other clinical formulations and will help to reduce societal and patient burdens by lowering drug costs and accelerating/improving the activity of CsA.
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