Journal ArticleDOI
TFOS DEWS II Sex, Gender, and Hormones Report
David A. Sullivan,Eduardo Rocha,Pasquale Aragona,Janine A. Clayton,Juan Ding,Blanka Golebiowski,Ulrike Hampel,Alison M. McDermott,Debra A. Schaumberg,Debra A. Schaumberg,Sruthi Srinivasan,Piera Versura,Mark D. P. Willcox +12 more
TLDR
Overall, sex, gender and hormones play a major role in the regulation of ocular surface and adnexal tissues, and in the difference in DED prevalence between women and men.Abstract:
One of the most compelling features of dry eye disease (DED) is that it occurs more frequently in women than men. In fact, the female sex is a significant risk factor for the development of DED. This sex-related difference in DED prevalence is attributed in large part to the effects of sex steroids (e.g. androgens, estrogens), hypothalamic-pituitary hormones, glucocorticoids, insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 and thyroid hormones, as well as to the sex chromosome complement, sex-specific autosomal factors and epigenetics (e.g. microRNAs). In addition to sex, gender also appears to be a risk factor for DED. "Gender" and "sex" are words that are often used interchangeably, but they have distinct meanings. "Gender" refers to a person's self-representation as a man or woman, whereas "sex" distinguishes males and females based on their biological characteristics. Both gender and sex affect DED risk, presentation of the disease, immune responses, pain, care-seeking behaviors, service utilization, and myriad other facets of eye health. Overall, sex, gender and hormones play a major role in the regulation of ocular surface and adnexal tissues, and in the difference in DED prevalence between women and men. The purpose of this Subcommittee report is to review and critique the nature of this role, as well as to recommend areas for future research to advance our understanding of the interrelationships between sex, gender, hormones and DED.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Risk Factors Influencing the Occurrence and Severity of Symptomatic Dry Eye Syndrome: A Cross-sectional Study.
Hye Rin Choi,Hye Rin Choi,Na Hyun Kim,Ju-Mi Lee,Ju-Mi Lee,Dong Phil Choi,Dong Phil Choi,Yuri Seo,Wonkyung Cho,Jong Suk Song,Hyung Keun Lee,Hyeon Chang Kim +11 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the prevalence and risk factors of dry eye syndrome (DES) among a population-based cohort study were investigated. But the authors focused on the risk factors and not the prevalence of DES.
Book ChapterDOI
Variability of Dry Eye Disease Following Removal of Lacrimal Glands in Rats.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors defined the features of dry eye disease following removal of the extraorbital lacrimal gland, with or without excision of the infraorbital gland in male and female rats.
Journal ArticleDOI
Characterising the ocular surface and tear film in a population-based birth cohort of 45-year old New Zealand men and women.
TL;DR: Clinical dry eye signs were present in almost half of this population-based cohort of 45-year-old New Zealanders, although only 9% of participants fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for dry eye disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Autoimmune Epithelitis and Chronic Inflammation in Sjögren's Syndrome-Related Dry Eye Disease.
TL;DR: In this article, a review highlights autoimmune epithelitis of the ocular surface, chronic inflammation, and several other molecules in the tear film, cornea, conjunctiva, lacrimal glands, and meibomian glands that represent potential targets in the treatment of Sjogren's syndrome-related dry eye disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Noninvasive evaluation of anterior segment and tear film parameters and morphology of meibomian glands in a pediatric population with hypogonadism.
Gamze Dereli Can,Özlem Kara +1 more
TL;DR: MG loss is a physiological process that is prominent in the condition of sex steroid deficiency, but does not cause tear film alterations in children, and future studies investigating sex and gender effect on the ocular surface system in an age-based fashion are required to clearly communicate influences in the arenas of ocularsurface research.
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