The Ebola outbreak, 2013–2016: old lessons for new epidemics
Cordelia E. M. Coltart,Benjamin B Lindsey,Isaac Ghinai,Anne M Johnson,David L Heymann,David L Heymann +5 more
TLDR
The factors that led to rapid and extensive propagation are summarized, as well as the key successes, failures and lessons learned from this outbreak and the response are highlighted.Abstract:
Ebola virus causes a severe haemorrhagic fever in humans with high case fatality and significant epidemic potential. The 2013-2016 outbreak in West Africa was unprecedented in scale, being larger than all previous outbreaks combined, with 28 646 reported cases and 11 323 reported deaths. It was also unique in its geographical distribution and multicountry spread. It is vital that the lessons learned from the world's largest Ebola outbreak are not lost. This article aims to provide a detailed description of the evolution of the outbreak. We contextualize this outbreak in relation to previous Ebola outbreaks and outline the theories regarding its origins and emergence. The outbreak is described by country, in chronological order, including epidemiological parameters and implementation of outbreak containment strategies. We then summarize the factors that led to rapid and extensive propagation, as well as highlight the key successes, failures and lessons learned from this outbreak and the response.This article is part of the themed issue 'The 2013-2016 West African Ebola epidemic: data, decision-making and disease control'.read more
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References
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Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus
Eric M. Leroy,Brice Kumulungui,Xavier Pourrut,Pierre Rouquet,Alexandre Hassanin,Philippe Yaba,André Délicat,Janusz T. Paweska,Jean-Paul Gonzalez,Robert Swanepoel +9 more
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Emergence of Zaire Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea
Sylvain Baize,Delphine Pannetier,Lisa Oestereich,Toni Rieger,Lamine Koivogui,Barré Soropogui,Mamadou Saliou Sow,Sakoba Keita,Hilde De Clerck,Amanda Tiffany,Gemma Dominguez,Mathieu Loua,Alexis Traoré,Moussa Kolié,Emmanuel Roland Malano,Emmanuel Heleze,Anne Bocquin,Stéphane Mély,Hervé Raoul,Valérie Caro,Daniel Cadar,Martin Gabriel,Meike Pahlmann,Dennis Tappe,Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit,Benido Impouma,Abdoul Karim Diallo,Michel Van Herp,Stephan Günther +28 more
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Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa — The First 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projections
TL;DR: This work analyzed a detailed subset of data on 3343 confirmed and 667 probable Ebola cases collected in Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone as of September 14 to estimate the case fatality rate and the course of infection.
Journal ArticleDOI
Genomic surveillance elucidates Ebola virus origin and transmission during the 2014 outbreak
Stephen K. Gire,Stephen K. Gire,Augustine Goba,Kristian G. Andersen,Kristian G. Andersen,Rachel Sealfon,Rachel Sealfon,Daniel J. Park,Lansana Kanneh,Simbirie Jalloh,Mambu Momoh,Mohamed Fullah,Gytis Dudas,Shirlee Wohl,Shirlee Wohl,Lina M. Moses,Nathan L. Yozwiak,Nathan L. Yozwiak,Sarah M. Winnicki,Sarah M. Winnicki,Christian B. Matranga,Christine M. Malboeuf,James Qu,Adrianne Gladden,Stephen F. Schaffner,Stephen F. Schaffner,Xiao Yang,Pan Pan Jiang,Pan Pan Jiang,Mahan Nekoui,Mahan Nekoui,Andrés Colubri,Moinya Ruth Coomber,Mbalu Fonnie,Alex Moigboi,Michael Gbakie,Fatima K. Kamara,Veronica Tucker,Edwin Konuwa,Sidiki Saffa,Josephine Sellu,Abdul A. Jalloh,Alice Kovoma,James Koninga,Ibrahim Mustapha,Kandeh Kargbo,Momoh Foday,Mohamed Yillah,Franklyn Kanneh,Willie Robert,James L.B. Massally,Sinéad B. Chapman,James Bochicchio,Cheryl I. Murphy,Chad Nusbaum,Sarah Young,Bruce W. Birren,Donald S. Grant,John S. Scheiffelin,Eric S. Lander,Eric S. Lander,Eric S. Lander,Christian T. Happi,Sahr M. Gevao,Andreas Gnirke,Andrew Rambaut,Andrew Rambaut,Robert F. Garry,S. Humarr Khan,Pardis C. Sabeti,Pardis C. Sabeti +70 more
TL;DR: This West African variant likely diverged from central African lineages around 2004, crossed from Guinea to Sierra Leone in May 2014, and has exhibited sustained human-to-human transmission subsequently, with no evidence of additional zoonotic sources.
Journal ArticleDOI
Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease: final results from the Guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (Ebola Ça Suffit!).
Ana Maria Henao-Restrepo,Anton Camacho,Ira M. Longini,Conall H. Watson,W. John Edmunds,Matthias Egger,Matthias Egger,Miles W. Carroll,Natalie E. Dean,Ibrahima Dina Diatta,Moussa Doumbia,Bertrand Draguez,Sophie Duraffour,Godwin Enwere,Rebecca F. Grais,Stephan Günther,Pierre Stéphane Gsell,Stefanie Hossmann,Sara Sofie Viksmoen Watle,Mandy Kader Kondé,Sakoba Keita,Souleymane Kone,Eewa Kuisma,Myron M. Levine,Sema Mandal,Thomas Mauget,Gunnstein Norheim,Ximena Riveros,Aboubacar Soumah,Sven Trelle,Andrea S. Vicari,John-Arne Røttingen,Marie Paule Kieny +32 more
TL;DR: The evidence from all 117 clusters showed that no cases of Ebola virus disease occurred 10 days or more after randomisation among all immediately vaccinated contacts and contacts of contacts of recently confirmed cases in Guinea, west Africa.
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Emergence of Zaire Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea
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