Journal ArticleDOI
The evolution and genetics of innate immunity
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TLDR
Studies in fruitflies and in mammals reveal that the defensive strategies of invertebrates and vertebrates are highly conserved at the molecular level, which raises the exciting prospects of an increased understanding of innate immunity.Abstract:
The immune system provides protection from a wide range of pathogens. One component of immunity, the phylogenetically ancient innate immune response, fights infections from the moment of first contact and is the fundamental defensive weapon of multicellular organisms. The Toll family of receptors has a crucial role in immune defence. Studies in fruitflies and in mammals reveal that the defensive strategies of invertebrates and vertebrates are highly conserved at the molecular level, which raises the exciting prospects of an increased understanding of innate immunity.read more
Citations
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Phosphorylation of the conserved transcription factor ATF-7 by PMK-1 p38 MAPK regulates innate immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Robert P. Shivers,Daniel J. Pagano,Tristan Kooistra,Claire E. Richardson,Kirthi C. Reddy,Janelle K. Whitney,Odile Kamanzi,Kunihiro Matsumoto,Naoki Hisamoto,Dennis H. Kim +9 more
TL;DR: The data point to the regulation of the ATF2/ATF7/CREB5 family of transcriptional regulators by p38 MAPK as an ancient conserved mechanism for the control of innate immunity in metazoans, and suggest that ATF2 or ATF7 may function in a similar manner in the regulationof mammalian innate immunity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Adjuvants of immunity: harnessing innate immunity to promote adaptive immunity.
Albert Bendelac,Ruslan Medzhitov +1 more
TL;DR: The use of adjuvants has become a widespread, but poorly understood practice to promote T and B cell responses to antigens as discussed by the authors, but it has not been well understood.
Journal ArticleDOI
The coagulation of insect hemolymph
TL;DR: The factors of the well-characterized clotting cascades of vertebrates, primitive chelicerates and crustaceans are used to assess the implications of sequencing the whole Drosophila genome for searching candidate genes involved in hemostasis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Evolution of the mammary gland from the innate immune system
TL;DR: It is suggested that lactation partly evolved as an inflammatory response to tissue damage and infection, and the observation that the two signaling pathways, NF-kB and Jak/Stat, play central roles in inflammation as well as in lactation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Immunity and aging: the enemy within?
TL;DR: Experimental alterations of longevity indicate that the differential expression of immunity‐related genes during aging is linked to the rate of aging, and observations suggest that the immune response has a positive effect on longevity, possibly by increasing fitness.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Defective LPS Signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr Mice: Mutations in Tlr4 Gene
Alexander Poltorak,Xiaolong He,Irina Smirnova,Mu Ya Liu,Christophe Van Huffel,Xin Du,Dale Birdwell,E. Alejos,M. Silva,Chris Galanos,Marina Freudenberg,Paola Ricciardi-Castagnoli,Betsy Layton,Bruce Beutler +13 more
TL;DR: The mammalian Tlr4 protein has been adapted primarily to subserve the recognition of LPS and presumably transduces the LPS signal across the plasma membrane.
Journal Article
Defective LPS signaling in C3 H/HeJ and C57 BL/10 ScCr mice: Mutations in Tlr4 Gene
Alexander Poltorak,Xiaolong He,Irina Smirnova,Mu Ya Liu,C. Van Huffel,Xin Du,Dale Birdwell,E. Alejos,M. Suva,Chris Galanos,Marina Freudenberg,Paola Ricciardi-Castagnoli,B. Layton,Bruce Beutler +13 more
Journal ArticleDOI
A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA.
Hiroaki Hemmi,Osamu Takeuchi,Taro Kawai,Tsuneyasu Kaisho,Shintaro Sato,Hideki Sanjo,Makoto Matsumoto,Katsuaki Hoshino,Hermann Wagner,Kiyoshi Takeda,Shizuo Akira +10 more
TL;DR: It is shown that cellular response to CpG DNA is mediated by a Toll-like receptor, TLR9, and vertebrate immune systems appear to have evolved a specific Toll- like receptor that distinguishes bacterial DNA from self-DNA.
Journal ArticleDOI
A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity
TL;DR: The cloning and characterization of a human homologue of the Drosophila toll protein (Toll) is reported, which has been shown to induce the innate immune response in adult Dosophila.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Dorsoventral Regulatory Gene Cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus Controls the Potent Antifungal Response in Drosophila Adults
TL;DR: It is shown that mutations in the Toll signaling pathway dramatically reduce survival after fungal infection and the intracellular components of the dorsoventral signaling pathway and the extracellular Toll ligand, spätzle, control expression of the antifungal peptide gene drosomycin in adults.