Journal ArticleDOI
The stem cell potential of glia: lessons from reactive gliosis.
TLDR
A comparison of molecular pathways activated after injury with those involved in the normal neural stem cell niches highlights strategies that could overcome the inhibition of neurogenesis outside the stem cell niche and instruct parenchymal glia towards a neurogenic fate.Abstract:
Astrocyte-like cells, which act as stem cells in the adult brain, reside in a few restricted stem cell niches. However, following brain injury, glia outside these niches acquire or reactivate stem cell potential as part of reactive gliosis. Recent studies have begun to uncover the molecular pathways involved in this process. A comparison of molecular pathways activated after injury with those involved in the normal neural stem cell niches highlights strategies that could overcome the inhibition of neurogenesis outside the stem cell niche and instruct parenchymal glia towards a neurogenic fate. This new view on reactive glia therefore suggests a widespread endogenous source of cells with stem cell potential, which might potentially be harnessed for local repair strategies.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
The Microenvironmental Landscape of Brain Tumors
TL;DR: A number of distinct features of the brain tumor microenvironment are discussed, including brain-resident cell types, the blood-brain barrier, and various aspects of the immune-suppressive environment.
Journal ArticleDOI
Eyes wide open: a critical review of sphere-formation as an assay for stem cells.
TL;DR: A historical perspective of the evolution of the neurosphere assay is provided and limitations in the use of sphere-forming assays in the context of neurospheres are highlighted.
Journal ArticleDOI
Astrocyte Reactivity and Reactive Astrogliosis: Costs and Benefits
Milos Pekny,Marcela Pekna +1 more
TL;DR: Understanding the multifaceted roles of astrocytes in the healthy and diseased CNS will undoubtedly contribute to the development of treatment strategies that will, in a context-dependent manner and at appropriate time points, modulate reactive astrogliosis to promote brain repair and reduce the neurological impairment.
Journal ArticleDOI
In vivo direct reprogramming of reactive glial cells into functional neurons after brain injury and in an Alzheimer's disease model.
TL;DR: It is shown that reactive glial cells in the cortex of stab-injured or Alzheimer's disease model mice can be directly reprogrammed into functional neurons in vivo using retroviral expression of a single neural transcription factor, NeuroD1.
Journal ArticleDOI
Glial scar borders are formed by newly proliferated, elongated astrocytes that interact to corral inflammatory and fibrotic cells via STAT3-dependent mechanisms after spinal cord injury.
Ina B. Wanner,Mark Anderson,Bingbing Song,Jaclynn Levine,Ana Fernandez,Zachary Gray-Thompson,Yan Ao,Michael V. Sofroniew +7 more
TL;DR: Heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes is demonstrated and scar borders are formed by newly proliferated, elongated astroglia, which organize via STAT3-dependent mechanisms to corral inflammatory and fibrotic cells into discrete areas separated from adjacent tissue that contains viable neurons.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Astrocytes: biology and pathology
TL;DR: Astrocyte functions in healthy CNS, mechanisms and functions of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation, and ways in which reactive astrocytes may cause or contribute to specific CNS disorders and lesions are reviewed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Subventricular Zone Astrocytes Are Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Mammalian Brain
Fiona Doetsch,Isabelle Caillé,Daniel A. Lim,José Manuel García-Verdugo,Arturo Alvarez-Buylla +4 more
TL;DR: It is shown that SVZ astrocytes act as neural stem cells in both the normal and regenerating brain and give rise to cells that grow into multipotent neurospheres in vitro.
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Microglia: active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain
TL;DR: This review focuses on several key observations that illustrate the multi-faceted activities of microglia in the normal and pathologic brain.
Journal ArticleDOI
Regeneration beyond the glial scar
Jerry Silver,Jared H. Miller +1 more
TL;DR: Chondroitin and keratan sulphate proteoglycans are among the main inhibitory extracellular matrix molecules that are produced by reactive astrocytes in the glial scar, and they are believed to play a crucial part in regeneration failure.
Journal ArticleDOI
A transcriptome database for astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes: a new resource for understanding brain development and function.
John D. Cahoy,Ben Emery,Amit Kaushal,Lynette C. Foo,Jennifer L. Zamanian,Karen S. Christopherson,Yi Xing,Jane L. Lubischer,Paul A. Krieg,Sergey A. Krupenko,Wesley J. Thompson,Ben A. Barres +11 more
TL;DR: These findings call into question the concept of a “glial” cell class as the gene profiles of astrocyte and oligodendrocytes are as dissimilar to each other as they are to neurons, for better understanding of neural development, function, and disease.