Journal ArticleDOI
The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital
Robert Costanza,Rudolf de Groot,Stephen Farberk,Monica Grasso,Bruce Hannon,Karin E. Limburg,Shahid Naeem,José M. Paruelo,Robert Raskin,Paul Suttonkk,Marjan van den Belt +10 more
TLDR
In this paper, the authors have estimated the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services for 16 biomes, based on published studies and a few original calculations, for the entire biosphere, the value (most of which is outside the market) is estimated to be in the range of US$16-54 trillion (10^(12)) per year, with an average of US $33 trillion per year.Abstract:
The services of ecological systems and the natural capital stocks that produce them are critical to the functioning of the Earth's life-support system. They contribute to human welfare, both directly and indirectly, and therefore represent part of the total economic value of the planet. We have estimated the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services for 16 biomes, based on published studies and a few original calculations. For the entire biosphere, the value (most of which is outside the market) is estimated to be in the range of US$16-54 trillion (10^(12)) per year, with an average of US$33 trillion per year. Because of the nature of the uncertainties, this must be considered a minimum estimate. Global gross national product total is around US$18 trillion per year.read more
Citations
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Biodiversity Regulation of Ecosystem Services
Sandra Díaz,David Tilman,Joseph Fargione,F. S. Iii Chapin,Rodolfo Dirzo,Thomas Kitzberger,B. Gemmill,Martin Zobel,Montserrat Vilà,Charles E. Mitchell,A. Wilby,Gretchen C. Daily,M. Galetti,W. F. Laurance,J. L. Pretty,Rosamond L. Naylor,Alison G. Power,D. Harvell,S. Potts,Claire Kremen,T. Griswold,Connal Eardley +21 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a collection of essays about the role of women in the development of the Internet and its role in the creation of the internet, including the work of Sandra Dı́az, David Tilman, Joseph Fargione.
Journal ArticleDOI
Pollinator webs, plant communities and the conservation of rare plants: arable weeds as a case study
TL;DR: The aim of this study was to determine the probable pollinators of three species of rare arable weed: red hemp-nettle Galeopsis angustifolia, small-flowered catchfly Silene gallica and spreading hedge-parsley Torilis arvensis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Vanishing seagrass (Zostera marina, L.) in Swedish coastal waters.
TL;DR: The results from this study show that the areal extension of Zostera marina has decreased 58% in 10–15 years with great regional variations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Identifying and prioritising services in European terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems
Paula A. Harrison,Marie Vandewalle,Martin T. Sykes,Pam Berry,Rob Bugter,Francesco de Bello,Francesco de Bello,Christian K. Feld,Ulf Grandin,Richard Harrington,John R. Haslett,Rob H. G. Jongman,Gary W. Luck,Pedro Martins da Silva,Mari Moora,Josef Settele,J. Paulo Sousa,Martin Zobel +17 more
TL;DR: In this article, information from the literature and scientific experts was used to systematically document the importance of services and identify trends in their use and status over time for the main terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems in Europe.
Journal ArticleDOI
Ecosystem Health: The Concept, the ISEH, and the Important Tasks Ahead
David J. Rapport,Gyorgy Bohm,Donald E. Buckingham,John Cairns,Robert Costanza,James R. Karr,H.A.M. De Kruijf,R. Levins,Anthony J. McMichael,N.O. Nielsen,Walter G. Whitford +10 more
Abstract: D.J. Rapport,* G. Bohm,† D. Buckingham,‡ J. Cairns, Jr.,§ R. Costanza,¶ J.R. Karr, i H.A.M. de Kruijf,** R. Levins,†† A.J. McMichael,‡‡ N.O. Nielsen,§§ W.G. Whitford¶¶ *University of Guelph, Canada and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, Canada; †Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; ‡College of Law, Centre for Studies in Agriculture, Law and the Environment, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; §Department of Biology, Center for Environmental and Hazardous Studies, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia; ¶Maryland International Institute for Ecological Economics and University of Maryland System Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies, Solomons, USA; i Fisheries and Zoology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, USA; **National Institute for Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; ††Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Massachusetts; ‡‡London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, U.K.; §§Professor Emeritus, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; ¶¶U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Characterization Research Division, Las Vegas, Nevada
References
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Book
Using surveys to value public goods : the contingent valuation method
TL;DR: Mitchell and Carson as discussed by the authors argue that at this time the contingent valuation (CV) method offers the most promising approach for determining public willingness to pay for many public goods, an approach likely to succeed, if used carefully, where other methods may fail.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nature's services: societal dependence on natural ecosystems.
TL;DR: Nature's Services brings together world-renowned scientists from a variety of disciplines to examine the character and value of ecosystem services, the damage that has been done to them, and the consequent implications for human society.
Book
For The Common Good: Redirecting The Economy Towards Community, The Environment And A Sustainable Future
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the scale of human activity in the biosphere has grown too large and that change is needed in the approach to economic activity: "correction and expansion a more empirical and historical attitude less pretense on being science and willingness to subordinate the market to purposes that it is not geared to determine."
Journal ArticleDOI
Primary production required to sustain global fisheries
Daniel Pauly,Villy Christensen +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the mean of reported annual world fisheries catches for 1988-1991 (94.3 million t) was split into 39 species groups, to which fractional trophic levels, ranging from 1.0 (edible algae) to 4.2 (tunas), were assigned, based on 48 published Trophic models, providing a global coverage of six major aquatic ecosystem types.
Journal ArticleDOI
Natural Capital and Sustainable Development
Robert Costanza,Herman E. Daly +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a minimum necessary condition for sustainability is the maintenance of the total natural capital stock at or above the current level, to be relaxed only when solid evidence can be offered that it is safe to do so.