Journal ArticleDOI
The Virtual Family—development of surface-based anatomical models of two adults and two children for dosimetric simulations
Andreas Christ,Wolfgang Kainz,Eckhart G. Hahn,Katharina Honegger,Marcel Zefferer,Esra Neufeld,Esra Neufeld,Wolfgang Rascher,Rolf Janka,Werner Bautz,Ji Chen,Berthold Kiefer,Peter Schmitt,Hans Peter Hollenbach,Jianxiang Shen,M. Oberle,Dominik Szczerba,Anthony Kam,Joshua Guag,Niels Kuster,Niels Kuster +20 more
TLDR
All tissues and organs were reconstructed as three-dimensional unstructured triangulated surface objects, yielding high precision images of individual features of the body, which greatly enhances the meshing flexibility and the accuracy in comparison with the traditional voxel-based representation of anatomical models.Abstract:
The objective of this study was to develop anatomically correct whole body human models of an adult male (34 years old), an adult female (26 years old) and two children (an 11-year-old girl and a six-year-old boy) for the optimized evaluation of electromagnetic exposure. These four models are referred to as the Virtual Family. They are based on high resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images of healthy volunteers. More than 80 different tissue types were distinguished during the segmentation. To improve the accuracy and the effectiveness of the segmentation, a novel semi-automated tool was used to analyze and segment the data. All tissues and organs were reconstructed as three-dimensional (3D) unstructured triangulated surface objects, yielding high precision images of individual features of the body. This greatly enhances the meshing flexibility and the accuracy with respect to thin tissue layers and small organs in comparison with the traditional voxel-based representation of anatomical models. Conformal computational techniques were also applied. The techniques and tools developed in this study can be used to more effectively develop future models and further improve the accuracy of the models for various applications. For research purposes, the four models are provided for free to the scientific community.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools
Adam J. Woods,Andrea Antal,Marom Bikson,Paulo S. Boggio,Andre R. Brunoni,Pablo Celnik,Leonardo G. Cohen,Felipe Fregni,Christoph Herrmann,Emily S. Kappenman,Helena Knotkova,David Liebetanz,Carlo Miniussi,Pedro C. Miranda,Walter Paulus,Davide Reato,Charlotte J. Stagg,Nicole Wenderoth,Michael A. Nitsche,Michael A. Nitsche +19 more
TL;DR: This review covers technical aspects of tES, as well as applications like exploration of brain physiology, modelling approaches, tES in cognitive neurosciences, and interventional approaches to help the reader to appropriately design and conduct studies involving these brain stimulation techniques.
Journal ArticleDOI
Determinants of the electric field during transcranial direct current stimulation
Alexander Opitz,Alexander Opitz,Alexander Opitz,Walter Paulus,Susanne Will,Andre Antunes,Axel Thielscher +6 more
TL;DR: How various anatomical features systematically shape the electric field distribution in the brain during tDCS is shown, namely the thicknesses of the cerebrospinal fluid and the skull, the gyral depth and the distance to the anode and cathode.
Journal ArticleDOI
Development of a new generation of high-resolution anatomical models for medical device evaluation: the Virtual Population 3.0
Marie-Christine Gosselin,Esra Neufeld,Heidi Moser,Eveline Huber,Silvia Farcito,Livia Gerber,Maria Jedensjö,Isabel Hilber,Fabienne Di Gennaro,Bryn A. Lloyd,Emilio Cherubini,Dominik Szczerba,Wolfgang Kainz,Niels Kuster +13 more
TL;DR: The research and development performed to obtain anatomical models that meet the requirements necessary for medical implant safety assessment applications are described, including implementation of quality control procedures, re-segmentation at higher resolution, more-consistent tissue assignments, enhanced surface processing and numerous anatomical refinements.
Journal ArticleDOI
Pros and cons of ultra-high-field MRI/MRS for human application.
Mark E. Ladd,Peter Bachert,Peter Bachert,Martin Meyerspeer,Ewald Moser,Armin M. Nagel,Armin M. Nagel,David G. Norris,David G. Norris,Sebastian Schmitter,Sebastian Schmitter,Oliver Speck,Sina Straub,Moritz Zaiss +13 more
TL;DR: An overview of some of the latest methodological developments in human ultra-high field MRI/MRS as well as associated clinical and scientific applications is presented, with emphasis on techniques that particularly benefit from the changing physical characteristics at high magnetic fields.
Journal ArticleDOI
An exponential growth of computational phantom research in radiation protection, imaging, and radiotherapy: a review of the fifty-year history.
TL;DR: This review identifies a clear progression of computational phantom complexity which can be denoted by three distinct generations, and explains an unexpected finding that the phantoms from the past 50 years followed a pattern of exponential growth.
References
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