Uptake routes and toxicokinetics of silver nanoparticles and silver ions in the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus.
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Citations
Ageing, dissolution and biogenic formation of nanoparticles: how do these factors affect the uptake kinetics of silver nanoparticles in earthworms?
Responses to silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate in a battery of biomarkers measured in coelomocytes and in target tissues of Eisenia fetida earthworms
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Uptake route and resulting toxicity of silver nanoparticles in Eisenia fetida earthworm exposed through Standard OECD Tests
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References
Modeled Environmental Concentrations of Engineered Nanomaterials (TiO2, ZnO, Ag, CNT, Fullerenes) for Different Regions
A multiplatform code for the analysis of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectra
Hazard/Risk Assessment BIOTIC LIGAND MODEL OF THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF METALS. 1. TECHNICAL BASIS
Silver nanoparticles: behaviour and effects in the aquatic environment.
Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. 1. Technical Basis
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Frequently Asked Questions (11)
Q2. What are the future works mentioned in the paper "Uptake routes and toxicokinetics of silver nanoparticles and silver ions in the earthworm lumbricus rubellus running title: silver uptake in earthworms occurs mainly via oral exposure maria diez-ortiz,*† elma lahive,† peter kille,‡ kate powell,‡ a. john morgan,‡ kerstin" ?
Their studies on the relevance of different exposure routes for Ag ions and Ag NP uptake by earthworms are informative for the validity of such future application. Such intake via the gut provides the potential for exposure that may be additional to that resulting from dermal contact alone [ 9 ]. In the latter seminal study, gluing was suggested as a suitable approach for oral sealing, as it allowed normal burrowing and behaviour in the absence of feeding. This suggestion is confirmed by observations made in the present study.
Q3. What is the current focus in metal and NP ecotoxicological research?
A current focus in metal and NP ecotoxicological research is to understand how environmental conditions such as pH and organic matter, and also for NPs relevant processes such as aggregation and dissolution, are related to toxicity.
Q4. How long did the earthworms remain in the filter paper?
The earthworms were then kept individually for 36 h in Petri dishes lined with a piece of moistened filter paper to allow them to void their gut content.
Q5. How long did the soils remain in the test?
After a further mixing, all soils were maintained for an initial period of one week to allow for the initial binding and interactions of the added Ag NPs and ions with soil solid phase and pore water components.
Q6. How many earthworms were used for the experiment?
A total of 44 sealed and 44 unsealed earthworms were used for each of these treatments (2 x NP; 2 x ionic; 1 x reference) to provide a sufficient number of individuals for collection of 4 replicate earthworms for each of the 10 exposure times used for the uptake study.
Q7. What is the importance of oral exposure?
The importance of oral exposure questions the application of current metal bioavailability models, which implicitly consider that the dominant route of exposure is via the soil solution, for bioavailability assessment and modelling of metal-based NPs.
Q8. How many earthworms were removed from the sample?
At 0 (i.e., worms taken from batch at the start of exposure), 4, 8, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 168h after initiation, 4 sealed and 4 unsealed individuals were removed from containers for each of the five treatments.
Q9. What was the effect of inhibition of the ionic treatment on the uptake of Ag?
Even though there was assimilation of Ag from soil in sealed earthworms, inhibition ofingestion resulted in a substantial reduction in uptake of both Ag forms.
Q10. What is the effect of the oral ionic treatment on the Ag uptake?
The Ag uptake seen for the Ag NPs, both with and without the potential for oral exposure, is not in itself indicative of direct NP uptake, because assimilation may be of the ions produced by dissolution.
Q11. What is the effect of Ag NPs on the gut?
When this organic matter is consumed, the presence of surfactant molecules and other conditions within the gut lumen may possibly allow the greater release of Ag into solution that may then be assimilated.