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Vertex models: from cell mechanics to tissue morphogenesis

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TLDR
Various formulations of vertex models that have been proposed for describing tissues in two and three dimensions are reviewed, a generic formulation using a virtual work differential is discussed, and applications of vertices to biological morphogenetic processes are reviewed.
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis requires the collective, coordinated motion and deformation of a large number of cells. Vertex model simulations for tissue mechanics have been developed to bridge the scales between force generation at the cellular level and tissue deformation and flows. We review here various formulations of vertex models that have been proposed for describing tissues in two and three dimensions. We discuss a generic formulation using a virtual work differential, and we review applications of vertex models to biological morphogenetic processes. We also highlight recent efforts to obtain continuum theories of tissue mechanics, which are effective, coarse-grained descriptions of vertex models.This article is part of the themed issue 'Systems morphodynamics: understanding the development of tissue hardware'.

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Hydrodynamics of soft active matter

TL;DR: This review summarizes theoretical progress in the field of active matter, placing it in the context of recent experiments, and highlights the experimental relevance of various semimicroscopic derivations of the continuum theory for describing bacterial swarms and suspensions, the cytoskeleton of living cells, and vibrated granular material.
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Mechanics of Motor Proteins and the Cytoskeleton

TL;DR: The Motility Models: From Crossbridges to Motion chapter describes the building blocks of the Cytoskeleton and some of the mechanisms used in its manufacture are described.
Journal ArticleDOI

Self-organizing optic-cup morphogenesis in three-dimensional culture

TL;DR: The dynamic, autonomous formation of the optic cup (retinal primordium) structure from a three-dimensional culture of mouse embryonic stem cell aggregates is reported, demonstrating that optic-cup morphogenesis in this simple cell culture depends on an intrinsic self-organizing program involving stepwise and domain-specific regulation of local epithelial properties.
Journal ArticleDOI

Simulation of biological cell sorting using a two-dimensional extended Potts model.

TL;DR: This work simulates the sorting of a mixture of two types of biological cells using a modified version of the large-Q Potts model with differential adhesivity and finds long-distance cell movement leading to sorting with a logarithmic increase in the length scale of homogeneous clusters.
Journal ArticleDOI

Cell surface mechanics and the control of cell shape, tissue patterns and morphogenesis.

TL;DR: A range of developmental phenomena can be explained by the regulation of cell surface tension, and the framework that emerges from diverse disciplines such as cell biology, physics and developmental biology points to adhesion and cortical actin networks as regulators ofcell surface mechanics.
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