Workgroup report: Drinking-water nitrate and health--recent findings and research needs.
Mary H. Ward,Theo M. deKok,Patrick Levallois,Jean D. Brender,Gabriel Gulis,Bernard T. Nolan,James VanDerslice +6 more
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TLDR
The role of drinking-water nitrate exposure as a risk factor for specific cancers, reproductive outcomes, and other chronic health effects must be studied more thoroughly before changes to the regulatory level for nitrate in drinking water can be considered.Abstract:
Human alteration of the nitrogen cycle has resulted in steadily accumulating nitrate in our water resources. The U.S. maximum contaminant level and World Health Organization guidelines for nitrate in drinking water were promulgated to protect infants from developing methemoglobinemia, an acute condition. Some scientists have recently suggested that the regulatory limit for nitrate is overly conservative; however, they have not thoroughly considered chronic health outcomes. In August 2004, a symposium on drinking-water nitrate and health was held at the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology meeting to evaluate nitrate exposures and associated health effects in relation to the current regulatory limit. The contribution of drinking-water nitrate toward endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds was evaluated with a focus toward identifying subpopulations with increased rates of nitrosation. Adverse health effects may be the result of a complex interaction of the amount of nitrate ingested, the concomitant ingestion of nitrosation cofactors and precursors, and specific medical conditions that increase nitrosation. Workshop participants concluded that more experimental studies are needed and that a particularly fruitful approach may be to conduct epidemiologic studies among susceptible subgroups with increased endogenous nitrosation. The few epidemiologic studies that have evaluated intake of nitrosation precursors and/or nitrosation inhibitors have observed elevated risks for colon cancer and neural tube defects associated with drinking-water nitrate concentrations below the regulatory limit. The role of drinking-water nitrate exposure as a risk factor for specific cancers, reproductive outcomes, and other chronic health effects must be studied more thoroughly before changes to the regulatory level for nitrate in drinking water can be considered.read more
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Transformation of the Nitrogen Cycle: Recent Trends, Questions, and Potential Solutions
James N. Galloway,Alan R. Townsend,Jan Willem Erisman,Mateete A. Bekunda,Zucong Cai,J. R. Freney,Luiz Antonio Martinelli,Sybil P. Seitzinger,Mark A. Sutton +8 more
TL;DR: Optimizing the need for a key human resource while minimizing its negative consequences requires an integrated interdisciplinary approach and the development of strategies to decrease nitrogen-containing waste.
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The nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics
TL;DR: This Review discusses the emerging important biological functions of the nitrate–nitrite–NO pathway, and highlights studies that implicate the therapeutic potential of nitrate and nitrite in conditions such as myocardial infarction, stroke, systemic and pulmonary hypertension, and gastric ulceration.
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Meat consumption, health, and the environment
H. Charles J. Godfray,Paul Aveyard,Tara Garnett,Tara Garnett,Jim W. Hall,Jim W. Hall,Timothy J. Key,Timothy J. Key,Jamie Lorimer,Raymond T. Pierrehumbert,Peter Scarborough,Marco Springmann,Susan A. Jebb +12 more
TL;DR: There is less agreement over the degree to which the state should use health, environmental, or animal welfare considerations to control the supply of meat through interventions that affect the production, sale, processing, and distribution of meat and meat products or the price to the consumer.
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Drawbacks of applying nanofiltration and how to avoid them: A review
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify six challenges for nanofiltration where solutions are still scarce: avoiding membrane fouling, and possibilities to remediate, improving the separation between solutes that can be achieved, further treatment of concentrates, chemical resistance and limited lifetime of membranes, insufficient rejection of pollutants in water treatment, and the need for modelling and simulation tools.
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A review of emerging adsorbents for nitrate removal from water
Amit Bhatnagar,Mika Sillanpää +1 more
TL;DR: An extensive list of various sorbents from the literature has been compiled and their adsorption capacities for nitrate removal as available in the literature are presented along with highlighting and discussing the key advancement on the preparation of novel adsorbents tested for Nitrate removal as mentioned in this paper.
References
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Occurrence of nitrate in groundwater-a review
Roy F. Spalding,Mary E. Exner +1 more
TL;DR: The results of federal, state, and local surveys, which included more than 200 000 NO 3 -N data points, are summarized in this review of NO 3 in groundwater in the USA.
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