Showing papers on "Effluent published in 2012"
TL;DR: This analysis shows that the highest amounts discharged through secondary effluent pertain to one antihypertensive, and several beta-blockers and analgesics/anti-inflammatories, while the highest risk is posed by antibiotics and several psychiatric drugs and analgesic/ anti- inflammatories.
1,721 citations
TL;DR: Microalgae cultures offer an elegant solution to tertiary and quandary treatments due to the ability of microalgae to use inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus for their growth, therefore, it does not lead to secondary pollution.
1,109 citations
TL;DR: This review summarises the methodologies used to evaluate the toxicity of azo dyes and their degradation products and discusses the recent studies on the decolouration or degradation using algae, yeast, filamentous fungi and bacteria, genetically modified microorganisms and microbiological systems combined with Advanced Oxidation Processes and Microbial Fuel Cells.
672 citations
TL;DR: An environmental risk assessment revealed a high risk for 9 pharmaceuticals in hospital effluent and for 4 of the 9 substances in the treatment plant influent and effluent, with antibiotics being the most critical compounds in terms of contribution and potential environmental risk for the hospital.
482 citations
TL;DR: The highlight of this paper is to point out the possibility of the micropollutants degradation in spite of the presence of DOM in much higher concentrations.
411 citations
TL;DR: Twenty of the mostly detected and persistent compounds in wastewater effluent, of which hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, gemfibrozil, galaxolide and three metabolites presented the highest average contribution percentages, in relation to the total load of contaminants for the different STPs effluent studied, are identified.
393 citations
TL;DR: Grouping bacterial taxa based on their association with the filter helped to elucidate relationships between the abundance of bacterial groups and water quality parameters and showed that pH was the strongest regulator of the bacterial community in the sampled drinking water system.
Abstract: The bacterial community structure of a drinking water microbiome was characterized over three seasons using 16S rRNA gene based pyrosequencing of samples obtained from source water (a mix of a groundwater and a surface water), different points in a drinking water plant operated to treat this source water, and in the associated drinking water distribution system. Even though the source water was shown to seed the drinking water microbiome, treatment process operations limit the source water's influence on the distribution system bacterial community. Rather, in this plant, filtration by dual media rapid sand filters played a primary role in shaping the distribution system bacterial community over seasonal time scales as the filters harbored a stable bacterial community that seeded the water treatment processes past filtration. Bacterial taxa that colonized the filter and sloughed off in the filter effluent were able to persist in the distribution system despite disinfection of finished water by chloramination and filter backwashing with chloraminated backwash water. Thus, filter colonization presents a possible ecological survival strategy for bacterial communities in drinking water systems, which presents an opportunity to control the drinking water microbiome by manipulating the filter microbial community. Grouping bacterial taxa based on their association with the filter helped to elucidate relationships between the abundance of bacterial groups and water quality parameters and showed that pH was the strongest regulator of the bacterial community in the sampled drinking water system.
352 citations
TL;DR: The occurrence of sixteen pharmaceutically active compounds in influent and effluent wastewater and in primary, secondary and digested sludge in one-year period has been evaluated and the highest ecotoxicological risk is due to ibuprofen.
343 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the construction and operation of a 5-ha high-rate algal ponds (HRAP) system treating primary settled wastewater at the Christchurch wastewater treatment plant, New Zealand is discussed.
Abstract: High rate algal ponds (HRAPs) are shallow, paddlewheel-mixed open raceway ponds that are an efficient and cost-effective upgrade for the conventional wastewater treatment ponds used by communities and farms the world over. HRAPs provide improved natural disinfection and nutrient removal and can be further enhanced by carbon dioxide (CO2) addition to promote algal growth which is often carbon limited. This paper discusses the construction and operation of a 5-ha demonstration HRAP system treating primary settled wastewater at the Christchurch wastewater treatment plant, New Zealand. The system consisted of four 1.25-ha HRAPs that were constructed from an existing conventional pond. Algae were harvested from the HRAP effluent in specially designed settlers, which concentrated the algal/bacterial biomass to 1–2% organic solids for conversion to bio-crude oil following dewatering. Performance data from the first 15 months of HRAP operation (without CO2 addition) are presented. The four demonstration HRAPs had reasonable replication of both treatment performance and algal/bacterial productivity with similar annual average wastewater treatment efficiency (~50% removal of BOD5, ~87% removal of fBOD5, ~65% removal of ammoniacal-N, ~19% removal of dissolved reactive phosphorus and ~2 log removal of Escherichia coli), algal species composition and algal/bacterial biomass production (~8 g m−2 day −1 volatile suspended solids). These results were in good agreement with the results for pilot-scale HRAP without CO2 addition in New Zealand. This study provides further indication of the potential for energy efficient and effective wastewater treatment using HRAP, while biofuel conversion of the harvested algal bacterial biomass could provide a valuable niche distributed energy source for local communities.
327 citations
TL;DR: The study shows that the potential toxicological effects of persistent micropollutants can be mitigated to some extent by a high dilution capacity, i.e. a high average flow rate in the receiving water body with respect to the effluent.
313 citations
TL;DR: The UV-A/TiO(2) photocatalytic decomposition of amoxicillin (AMX) in aqueous suspensions was investigated and mineralization was slower than degradation due to the formation of stable transformation by-products.
TL;DR: This review article summarises major categories of organic microcontaminants that have been detected in wastewaters and studies their fate during the wastewater treatment process.
TL;DR: In this article, a robust analytical method is presented in which 11 classes of antibiotics are simultaneously extracted and determined in surface water, lagoon wastewater, influent, effluent, sediment, manure and sludge.
TL;DR: Biochar with very high pharmaceutical sorption abilities may find use as a low-cost alternative sorbent for treating wastewater plant effluent, but should be used with caution as an amendment to soils irrigated with reclaimed water or waste water.
TL;DR: Overall, the application of PAC in WWTPs seems to be an adequate and feasible technology for efficient MP elimination from wastewater comparable with post ozonation.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The developed analytical method was successfully applied in the determination of target compounds in wastewater and sludge samples from Huiyang wastewater treatment plants, and in ground water, lagoon wastewater, manure and sediment collected from a pig farm, in South China.
Abstract: A robust and sensitive analytical method is presented in which 11 classes of antibiotics are simultaneously extracted and determined in surface water, lagoon wastewater, influent, effluent, sediment, manure and sludge. Water samples with different volumes were adjusted to pH 3, added with 0.2 g Na2EDTA and then extracted using Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) cartridges. Extraction of solid samples was carried out by a combination of ultrasonic and vortex mixing using a mixture of acetonitrile and citric buffer at pH 3 as the extraction solution. The extracts of the solid samples were then cleaned-up by a tandem solid phase extraction (SPE) method using a strong anion exchange cartridge (SAX) and a HLB cartridge, followed by analysis using rapid resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-MS/MS) equipped with electrospray ionization source. Among the 50 target compounds, the recoveries in the range of 50-150% were obtained for 39, 40, 36, 40, 38, 33 and 36 antibiotics in the spiked samples of surface water, lagoon wastewater, influent, effluent, sediment, manure and sludge with three concentrations, respectively. Method quantification limits (MQLs) for the target compounds (except sulfaguanidine and sulfanilamide) were in the range of 0.52-5.88 ng/L, 2.36-65.8 ng/L, 1.73-20 ng/L, 1.42-9.52 ng/L, 0.64-6.67 ng/g (except bacitracin and cloxacillin), 1.33-17.4 ng/g (except salinomycin, narasin, monensin, cloxacillin and novobiocin) and 1.50-28.6 ng/g (except salinomycin, narasin, monensin and cloxacillin) in surface water, lagoon wastewater, influent, effluent, sediment, manure and sludge, respectively. The developed analytical method was successfully applied in the determination of target compounds in wastewater and sludge samples from Huiyang wastewater treatment plants, and in ground water, lagoon wastewater, manure and sediment collected from a pig farm, in South China.
TL;DR: The results of toxicity studies suggest that this consortium may effectively be used for complete detoxification of dye and effluent and has potential environmental implication in cleaning up azo dyes containing effluents.
TL;DR: The results presented in this paper showed that anammox bacteria can be applied for autotrophic nitrogen removal from the water line at a municipal waste water treatment plant.
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the present research on the biodegradation of phenols and presents trends for future research and developmen... as discussed by the authors has shown that biological treatment has proved to be the most promising and most economical approach for the removal of many organic water pollutants such as phenol.
Abstract: Phenol and its derivatives are hazardous pollutants that are highly toxic even at low concentrations. The management of wastewater containing high concentrations of phenols represents major economical and environmental challenges to most industries. Biotechnology has been very effective in dealing with major environmental challenges through utilizing different types of bacteria and biocatalysts to develop innovative processes for the biodegradation, biotreatment, and biosorption of various contaminants and wide range of hazardous materials. Biological treatment has proved to be the most promising and most economical approach for the removal of many organic water pollutants such as phenol. Numerous studies have been published in the literature dealing with the biodegradation of phenols utilizing different types of biomasses and different types of reactors. The authors offer a comprehensive review of the present research on the biodegradation of phenols and presents trends for future research and developmen...
TL;DR: Effluent CEC concentrations were lower than those currently known for chronic toxicity thresholds, Nevertheless, the evaluation of potential chronic effects for CECs is uncertain because aquatic life toxicity thresholds have been developed for only a few C ECs, and the effluent and seawater samples had compounds, such as nonylphenol, known to bioaccumulate in local fish.
Abstract: The occurrence and concentrations of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) were investigated in municipal effluents and in marine receiving water. Final effluent from four large publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) and seawater collected near the respective POTW outfall discharges and a reference station were collected quarterly over one year and analyzed for 56 CECs. Several CECs were detected in effluents; naproxen, gemfibrozil, atenolol, and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate were the compounds most frequently found and with the highest concentrations (>1 µg/L). Gemfibrozil and naproxen had the highest seawater concentrations (0.0009 and 0.0007 µg/L) and also were among the most frequently detected compounds. Effluent dilution factors ranged from >400 to approximately 1,000. Fewer CECs were detected and at lower concentrations in seawater collected from the reference station than at the outfall sites. Effluent concentrations for some CECs (e.g., pharmaceuticals) were inversely related to the degree of wastewater treatment. This trend was not found in seawater samples. Few temporal differences were observed in effluent or seawater samples. Effluent CEC concentrations were lower than those currently known for chronic toxicity thresholds. Nevertheless, the evaluation of potential chronic effects for CECs is uncertain because aquatic life toxicity thresholds have been developed for only a few CECs, and the effluent and seawater samples had compounds, such as nonylphenol, known to bioaccumulate in local fish. Additional data are needed to better understand the significance of CEC presence and concentrations in marine environments.
TL;DR: Assessment of the relative contribution of CSO bypass flows and treated wastewater effluent to the load of steroid hormones and other wastewater micropollutants from a WWTP to a lake finds that concentrations of hormones and many WMPs in samples from treated discharges can increase with increasing flow due to decreasing removal efficiency.
Abstract: Data were collected at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Burlington, Vermont, USA, (serving 30,000 people) to assess the relative contribution of CSO (combined sewer overflow) bypass flows and treated wastewater effluent to the load of steroid hormones and other wastewater micropollutants (WMPs) from a WWTP to a lake. Flow-weighted composite samples were collected over a 13 month period at this WWTP from CSO bypass flows or plant influent flows (n = 28) and treated effluent discharges (n = 22). Although CSO discharges represent 10% of the total annual water discharge (CSO plus treated plant effluent discharges) from the WWTP, CSO discharges contribute 40–90% of the annual load for hormones and WMPs with high (>90%) wastewater treatment removal efficiency. By contrast, compounds with low removal efficiencies (<90%) have less than 10% of annual load contributed by CSO discharges. Concentrations of estrogens, androgens, and WMPs generally are 10 times higher in CSO discharges compared to treated wastewa...
TL;DR: Results show that the most adequate conditions for cultivating So in this effluent are the aerated cultures, exposed to a 12h period of daily light, at 12000 Lux intensity.
TL;DR: Algal strain C. pyrenoidosa is not only an agent for mitigation of pollutant load, but it can also be used as potential agent for biofuel production.
TL;DR: The SAnMBR effluent proved to be a suitable growth medium for microalgae and when conditions were optimum, excellent water quality with very low ammonium and phosphate concentrations was obtained.
TL;DR: Significant fractions of fn-Ag were associated with colloidal material which suggests that efficient particle separation processes (sedimentation or filtration) could further improve removal of NM from effluent.
TL;DR: Several organic compounds, including bifuran, quinoline, resorcinol and benzofuranol were removed completely as determined by GC-MS analysis and indicated that biodegradation of the coking wastewater was significantly improved.
TL;DR: A laboratory-scale staged anaerobic fluidized membrane bioreactor (SAF-MBR) system was used to treat a municipal wastewater primary-clarifier effluent and near complete removal of suspended solids was obtained.
TL;DR: The efficiency of two full-scale duckweed ponds considering nutrient recovery from a piggery farm effluent, as well as the biomass yield and crude protein content, revealed a great potential for the polishing and valorisation of swine waste, under the presented conditions.
TL;DR: Analysis of trace metals in the algal biomass indicated near total depletion of Fe, Zn and Cd from the wastewater, and lower, but substantial, uptake and/or adsorption of seven other elements.
Abstract: Municipal wastewater is a major source of nutrients and pollutants to freshwater and marine ecosystems and current treatment technologies are either expensive or only partially effective at removing them We cultivated the alga Scenedesmus sp AMDD at different pH in chemostats and batch photobioreactors in wastewater obtained from a local treatment plant In batch mode, biomass productivities averaged 130 mg dry weight L − 1 d − 1 , with no significant effect of growth pH detected Maximum nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates were equivalent to 7% and 07% of the biomass productivity rates Average hydraulic retention times for 90% N and P removal ranged from 655 to 665 days and 650–656 days, respectively Recovered biomass yields ranged from 023 to 065 kg m − 3 wastewater, equivalent to approximately 5–15 MJ bioenergy m − 3 wastewater based on an average calorific value of 23 MJ kg − 1 dw algal biomass Approximately 65% of energy equivalent could potentially be recovered from the biomass through anaerobic digestion to methane Cellular N and P content varied, with cells held longer in stationary phase showing higher C:N and C:P ratios indicative of N- and P-limitation, respectively Analysis of trace metals in the algal biomass indicated near total depletion of Fe, Zn and Cd from the wastewater, and lower, but substantial, uptake and/or adsorption of seven other elements Cultivation in 2 L continuous chemostats containing wastewater was also conducted Biomass productivities in chemostats were almost 2-fold greater than the maximum rates in batch cultures Dissolved N and P in chemostats were both either undetectable or > 99% reduced compared to the wastewater Production of bioenergy from the chemostats was estimated to be roughly 53–61 MJ m − 3 d − 1 , significantly higher than in batch culture
TL;DR: The study found that five- and six-antibiotic-resistant bacteria were widely distributed in four types of enterobacteria from the secondary effluent, which could pose a serious problem as a secondary pollutant of drinking water.