Showing papers on "Gelatin published in 2016"
TL;DR: The robust and tunable properties of GelMA hydrogel suggest that the keratinocyte laden hydrogels can be used as epidermal substitutes, wound dressings, or substrates to construct various in vitro skin models.
Abstract: Natural hydrogels are promising scaffolds to engineer epidermis. Currently, natural hydrogels used to support epidermal regeneration are mainly collagen- or gelatin-based, which mimic the natural dermal extracellular matrix but often suffer from insufficient and uncontrollable mechanical and degradation properties. In this study, a photocrosslinkable gelatin (i.e., gelatin methacrylamide (GelMA)) with tunable mechanical, degradation, and biological properties is used to engineer the epidermis for skin tissue engineering applications. The results reveal that the mechanical and degradation properties of the developed hydrogels can be readily modified by varying the hydrogel concentration, with elastic and compressive moduli tuned from a few kPa to a few hundred kPa, and the degradation times varied from a few days to several months. Additionally, hydrogels of all concentrations displayed excellent cell viability (>90%) with increasing cell adhesion and proliferation corresponding to increases in hydrogel concentrations. Furthermore, the hydrogels are found to support keratinocyte growth, differentiation, and stratification into a reconstructed multilayered epidermis with adequate barrier functions. The robust and tunable properties of GelMA hydrogels suggest that the keratinocyte laden hydrogels can be used as epidermal substitutes, wound dressings, or substrates to construct various in vitro skin models.
533 citations
TL;DR: The hemostatic effect of hydrogels were optimal, and the hydrogrls also showed good pH-sensitivity, swelling ability and water evaporation rate, and showed a promising potential to be applied as wound dressing.
375 citations
TL;DR: This work provides a simple, but effective, means of deconvoluting the effects of chemistry and dimensional characteristics of a substrate, on the cell activity of protein-derived materials, which should assist in tailoring their biological properties for specific tissue engineering applications.
Abstract: Studies of cell attachment to collagen-based materials often ignore details of the binding mechanisms-be they integrin-mediated or non-specific. In this work, we have used collagen and gelatin-based substrates with different dimensional characteristics (monolayers, thin films and porous scaffolds) in order to establish the influence of composition, crosslinking (using carbodiimide) treatment and 2D or 3D architecture on integrin-mediated cell adhesion. By varying receptor expression, using cells with collagen-binding integrins (HT1080 and C2C12 L3 cell lines, expressing α2β1, and Rugli expressing α1β1) and a parent cell line C2C12 with gelatin-binding receptors (αvβ3 and α5β1), the nature of integrin binding sites was studied in order to explain the bioactivity of different protein formulations. We have shown that alteration of the chemical identity, conformation and availability of free binding motifs (GxOGER and RGD), resulting from addition of gelatin to collagen and crosslinking, have a profound effect on the ability of cells to adhere to these formulations. Carbodiimide crosslinking ablates integrin-dependent cell activity on both two-dimensional and three-dimensional architectures while the three-dimensional scaffold structure also leads to a high level of non-specific interactions remaining on three-dimensional samples even after a rigorous washing regime. This phenomenon, promoted by crosslinking, and attributed to cell entrapment, should be considered in any assessment of the biological activity of three-dimensional substrates. Spreading data confirm the importance of integrin-mediated cell engagement for further cell activity on collagen-based compositions. In this work, we provide a simple, but effective, means of deconvoluting the effects of chemistry and dimensional characteristics of a substrate, on the cell activity of protein-derived materials, which should assist in tailoring their biological properties for specific tissue engineering applications.
287 citations
TL;DR: The FG/CSNPs bioactive films exhibited distinctive antimicrobial activity against four test food pathogens, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli.
277 citations
TL;DR: A facile supramolecular approach for preparing gelatin hydrogels with a wide array of desirable properties that are capable of sustaining excessive compressive and tensile strain and capable of quick self healing after mechanical disruption is described.
223 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the latest advances in the composition of gelatin-based edible films and coatings, including nanoparticle addition, and their properties are reviewed along their potential for application in the food packaging industry.
Abstract: This review discusses the latest advances in the composition of gelatin-based edible films and coatings, including nanoparticle addition, and their properties are reviewed along their potential for application in the food packaging industry. Gelatin is an important biopolymer derived from collagen and is extensively used by various industries because of its technological and functional properties. Nowadays, a very wide range of components are available to be included as additives to improve its properties, as well as its applications and future potential. Antimicrobials, antioxidants and other agents are detailed due to the fact that an increasing awareness among consumers regarding healthy lifestyle has promoted research into novel techniques and additives to prolong the shelf life of food products. Thanks to its ability to improve global food quality, gelatin has been particularly considered in food preservation of meat and fish products, among others.
212 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of cinnamon, guarana, rosemary and boldo-do-chile ethanolic extracts and different ratios of gelatin:chitosan on the optical, microstructural, mechanical and barrier properties of the films was investigated, as well as the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.
Abstract: Gelatin and chitosan are edible polymers, which may be used in combination with antimicrobial/antioxidant extracts as thin coatings to extend shelf life of foods. The effect of cinnamon, guarana, rosemary and boldo-do-chile ethanolic extracts and different ratios of gelatin:chitosan on the optical, microstructural, mechanical and barrier properties of the films was investigated, as well as the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Both polymers were blended homogeneously in the film matrix as confirmed by the microstructural and FTIR studies. Increments in chitosan proportion increased the elasticity of the films and provided a reduction in the water vapor permeability, which was not significantly reduced with the addition of the extracts. The blends films presented good antioxidants properties in TEAC test and an excellent growth inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, suggesting that these films based on blends of gelatin and chitosan and additivated with ethanolic extracts could provide an alternative as active packaging material for food applications.
202 citations
TL;DR: The ability of the CNC-gelatin hydrogel to respond to different pH values along with its high dynamic mechanical stability suggested that CNC -gelatin Hydrogels are promising candidates as drug carriers.
189 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the incorporation of MMT and GEO into gelatin-based films increased the thickness and decreased the solubility in water, moisture content and superficial hydrophobicity of films.
178 citations
TL;DR: The MALDI-TOF MS result revealed that the coatings slowed down the protein deterioration of fillet, and the chitosan with 7.2% gelatin coating had the best effect on preserving fillet's quality during storage.
162 citations
TL;DR: The study showed that the developed composite scaffolds are potential candidates for regenerating damaged bone tissue and promoted better cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation.
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to prepare and characterize bioglass-natural biopolymer based composite scaffold and evaluate its bone regeneration ability. Bioactive glass nanoparticles (58S) in the size range of 20-30 nm were synthesized using sol-gel method. Porous scaffolds with varying bioglass composition from 10 to 30 wt% in chitosan, gelatin matrix were fabricated using the method of freeze drying of its slurry at 40 wt% solids loading. Samples were cross-linked with glutaraldehyde to obtain interconnected porous 3D microstructure with improved mechanical strength. The prepared scaffolds exhibited >80% porosity with a mean pore size range between 100 and 300 microns. Scaffold containing 30 wt% bioglass (GCB 30) showed a maximum compressive strength of 2.2 ± 0.1 MPa. Swelling and degradation studies showed that the scaffold had excellent properties of hydrophilicity and biodegradability. GCB 30 scaffold was shown to be noncytotoxic and supported mesenchymal stem cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation as indicated by MTT assay and RUNX-2 expression. Higher cellular activity was observed in GCB 30 scaffold as compared to GCB 0 scaffold suggesting the fact that 58S bioglass nanoparticles addition into the scaffold promoted better cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Thus, the study showed that the developed composite scaffolds are potential candidates for regenerating damaged bone tissue.
TL;DR: Interestingly, osteoblasts cultured within hydrogel using bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 demonstrated the capability for encapsulation of cells and induced cell differentiation, and the nanocrystalline cellulose significant impacted degradation and interaction between hydrogels and cells.
TL;DR: The method adopted could be beneficial for rapid, simple and economic determination of both gelatin presence and its origin from food products such as yogurt, ice cream, milk dessert or other gelatin containing productssuch as pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
TL;DR: Alginate/pectin composite film is suitable to be formulated with simvastatin as a potential wound dressing and cell viability assay showed that the film was non-toxic.
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that the alginate-based composite gel scaffolds doubly integrated with hydroxyapatite and GMs have suitable physical performance and bioactive properties, thus provide a potential opportunity to be used for bone tissue engineering.
TL;DR: This review summarizes the current state of the field by outlining composite scaffolds made of gelatin/collagen in combination with bioactive ceramics for bone tissue engineering application.
TL;DR: The crosslinked gelatin/alginate scaffolds showed a good potential to encapsulate cells or drugs and markedly improved the stability and mechanical strength of the hydrogel scaffolds.
TL;DR: In this paper, the nano-titanium dioxide nanoparticles were incorporated in the fish gelatin layer of bilayers to improve the barrier properties of bilayer films against UV light at low concentration, while increasing their opacity.
Abstract: Bilayer gelatin/agar films containing different concentrations of TiO2 (0.5, 1, and 2 g/100 g) were prepared by incorporation of anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the fish gelatin layer of the bilayers. Gelatin/agar bilayer film was produced from the monolayers using the casting method in two steps and their microstructural, physical, mechanical and optical characteristics were studied. Results showed that the addition of TiO2 decreased water vapor permeability of the bilayers more than 30%, upon increasing TiO2 content to 2 (g/100 g). However, swelling ratio and moisture content increased with the increase in the nano-TiO2 content, probably due to the hydrophilic nature of the TiO2 nanoparticles. The tensile strength of the bilayer films increased from 10.80 to 13.91 MPa upon increasing nano-TiO2 content from 0 to 0.5 (g/100 g); however, tensile strength decreased with further increase of the nanoparticle concentration. In addition, the metallic nature of nano-TiO2 considerably improved the barrier properties of the bilayer films against UV light at low concentration, while it increased their opacity. This property might help in the preservation of light-sensitive foods, but more studies on real food systems are required.
TL;DR: The influence of hydrogel stiffness on the cell behaviors including cell viability, cell morphology, and maintenance of chondrogenic phenotype was evaluated and GelMA hydrogels with high stiffness showed the best results on maintaining chondrocyte phenotype.
Abstract: Gelatin hydrogels can mimic the microenvironments of natural tissues and encapsulate cells homogeneously, which makes them attractive for cartilage tissue engineering. Both the mechanical and biochemical properties of hydrogels can affect the phenotype of chondrocytes. However, the influence of each property on chondrocyte phenotype is unclear due to the difficulty in separating the roles of these properties. In this study, we aimed to study the influence of hydrogel stiffness on chondrocyte phenotype while excluding the role of biochemical factors, such as adhesion site density in the hydrogels. By altering the degree of methacryloyl functionalization, gelatin hydrogels with different stiffnesses of 3.8, 17.1, and 29.9 kPa Young's modulus were prepared from the same concentration of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) macromers. Bovine articular chondrocytes were encapsulated in the hydrogels and cultured for 14 days. The influence of hydrogel stiffness on the cell behaviors including cell viability, cell morphology, and maintenance of chondrogenic phenotype was evaluated. GelMA hydrogels with high stiffness (29.9 kPa) showed the best results on maintaining chondrogenic phenotype. These results will be useful for the design and preparation of scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering.
TL;DR: The study suggests that DCMC is an effective crosslinking reagent for biomaterials fixation and can reduce the degree of swelling of the hydrogel fibers, which is beneficial for hydrogels to avoid undesired reduction in mechanical properties.
TL;DR: Self assembled hybrid polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles are prepared from cationically modified gelatin and sodium alginate by electrostatic complexation between the polymers and show curcumin encapsulation efficiency of 69% and exhibit sustained release ofCurcumin in vitro.
TL;DR: The proposed 'printing-then-gelation' approach works for alginate structure fabrication, and it is also applicable for the printing of cellular constructs and other similar homogeneous soft structures using a two-step or even multi-step approach.
Abstract: Freeform fabrication of soft structures has been of great interest in recent years. In particular, it is viewed as a critical step toward the grand vision of organ printing--the on-demand design and fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) human organ constructs for implantation and regenerative medicine. The objective of this study is to develop a novel granular gel support material-enabled, two-step gelation-based 'printing-then-gelation' approach to fabricate 3D alginate structures using filament extrusion. Specifically, a granular Carbopol microgel bath holds the ungelled alginate structure being extruded, avoiding the instantaneous gelation of each printed layer as well as resultant surface tension-induced nozzle clogging. Since Carbopol microgels react with multivalent cations, which are needed for alginate crosslinking, gelatin is introduced as a sacrificial material to make an alginate and gelatin bioink for extrusion, which gels thermally (step-one gelation) to initially stabilize the printed structure for removal from Carbopol. Then gelatin is melted and diffused away while alginate is ionically crosslinked in a 37 °C calcium chloride bath (step-two gelation), resulting in an alginate structure. The proposed 'printing-then-gelation' approach works for alginate structure fabrication, and it is also applicable for the printing of cellular constructs and other similar homogeneous soft structures using a two-step or even multi-step approach. The main conclusions are: (1) 0.8% (w/v) Carbopol bath with a neutral pH value may be most suitable for soft structure printing; (2) it is most effective to use a 0.9% (w/v) NaCl solution to facilitate the removal of residual Carbopol; and (3) alginate structures fabricated using the proposed approach demonstrate better mechanical properties than those fabricated using the conventional 'gelation-while-printing' approach.
01 Mar 2016
TL;DR: This work shows the potential of emulsion electrospraying of proteins using food-grade emulsions for the microencapsulation and enhanced protection of a model thermosensitive hydrophobic bioactive.
Abstract: This work shows the potential of emulsion electrospraying of proteins using food-grade emulsions for the microencapsulation and enhanced protection of a model thermosensitive hydrophobic bioactive. Specifically, gelatin, a whey protein concentrate (WPC) and a soy protein isolate (SPI) were compared as emulsion stabilizers and wall matrices for encapsulation of α-linolenic acid. In a preliminary stage, soy bean oil was used as the hydrophobic component for the implementation of the emulsion electrospraying process, investigating the effect of protein type and emulsion protocol used (i.e. with or without ultrasound treatment) on colloidal stability. This oil was then substituted by the ω-3 fatty acid and the emulsions were processed by electrospraying and spray-drying, comparing both techniques. While the latter resulted in massive bioactive degradation, electrospraying proved to be a suitable alternative, achieving microencapsulation efficiencies (MEE) of up to ∼70%. Although gelatin yielded low MEEs due to the need of employing acetic acid for its processing by electrospraying, SPI and WPC achieved MEEs over 60% for the non-sonicated emulsions. Moreover, the degradation of α-linolenic acid at 80°C was significantly delayed when encapsulated within both matrices. Whilst less than an 8% of its alkene groups were detected after 27h of thermal treatment for free α-linolenic acid, up to 43% and 67% still remained intact within the electrosprayed SPI and WPC capsules, respectively.
TL;DR: The results demonstrated the feasibility of incorporating nanoparticles to improve the properties of gelatin films, and it is of significance in utilizing the gelatin and titanium dioxide to produce biodegradable nanocomposite film as packaging material in food industry.
TL;DR: Gelatin polymers with pendant norbornene or tetrazine groups can quickly and spontaneously crosslink upon mixing, allowing for high viability of encapsulated cells, establishment of 3D elongated cell morphologies, and biodegradation when injected in vivo.
Abstract: Injectable gelatin hydrogels formed with bioorthogonal click chemistry (ClickGel) are cell-responsive ECM mimics for in vitro and in vivo biomaterials applications. Gelatin polymers with pendant norbornene (GelN) or tetrazine (GelT) groups can quickly and spontaneously crosslink upon mixing, allowing for high viability of encapsulated cells, establishment of 3D elongated cell morphologies, and biodegradation when injected in vivo.
TL;DR: Vitamin A palmitate and vitamin E TPGS, common derivatives of the unstable vitamins A and E, were successfully incorporated into biodegradable gelatin nanofibers via electrospinning as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Vitamin A palmitate and vitamin E TPGS, common derivatives of the unstable vitamins A and E, were successfully incorporated into biodegradable gelatin nanofibers via electrospinning. Electron microscopy showed that smooth cylindrical fibers were produced, albeit with a small amount of beading visible for the vitamin-loaded systems. The diameters of the fibers decrease with the addition of vitamins. The presence of the vitamins in the fibers was confirmed by IR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction showed them to exist in the amorphous physical form post-electrospinning. The addition of vitamins did not affect the hydrophilic properties of the gelatin nanofibers. Fibers containing vitamin A or E alone showed a sustained release profile over more than 60 hours, and those incorporating both vitamins showed similar release characteristics, except that the extent of release for vitamin A was increased. Antibacterial tests demonstrated that materials loaded with vitamin E were effective in inhibiting the growth of E. coli and S. aureus. The fibers could promote the proliferation of fibroblasts during the early stages of culture, and enhance the expression of collagen-specific genes. In vivo tests determined that the fibers loaded with vitamins have better wound healing performance than a commercially used antiseptic gauze and casting films.
TL;DR: The scaffolds prepared by ISISA present properties as high porosity, high degree swelling and good stability which make them suitable of applications as biomaterials.
TL;DR: The lower melting point of fish gelatin compared to porcine gelatin allowed larger-scale synthesis of GelMA and enabled hydrogel fabrication at room temperature, and suggested that fish GelMA could be utilized in a variety of biomedical fields as a substitute for mammalian-derived materials.
Abstract: Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) is a versatile biomaterial that has been used in various biomedical fields. Thus far, however, GelMA is mostly obtained from mammalian sources, which are associated with a risk of transmission of diseases, such as mad cow disease, as well as certain religious restrictions. In this study, we synthesized GelMA using fish-derived gelatin by a conventional GelMA synthesis method, and evaluated its physical properties and cell responses. The lower melting point of fish gelatin compared to porcine gelatin allowed larger-scale synthesis of GelMA and enabled hydrogel fabrication at room temperature. The properties (mechanical strength, water swelling degree and degradation rate) of fish GelMA differed from those of porcine GelMA, and could be tuned to suit diverse applications. Cells adhered, proliferated, and formed networks with surrounding cells on fish GelMA, and maintained high initial cell viability. These data suggest that fish GelMA could be utilized in a variety of biomedical fields as a substitute for mammalian-derived materials.
TL;DR: Structural characteristics of BC and BC-additive composites were compared using X-Ray diffraction and the crystal size and crystallinity of BC was reduced when grown in the presence of CMC and gelatin while pectin only decreased the crystallite size, suggesting that C MC and gelatin may be incorporated into the BC fibril structure.
TL;DR: Steak color stability during retail display was promoted by film application; the steaks exhibited a darker, more intensely red color when coated in blends with higher gelatin and chitosan contents, and provide a promising alternative to the preservation of beef in retail display.