Showing papers on "Rapeseed published in 2007"
TL;DR: Overall, Indian mustard was most effective for reducing powdery scab and common scab diseases, whereas rapeseed and canola were most effective in reducing Rhizoctonia diseases.
334 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on oil yield and content of functional food ingredients of rapeseed (Brassica napus) is discussed.
Abstract: In this study the effect of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on oil yield and content of functional food ingredients of rapeseed (Brassica napus) is discussed. For the analysis hulled and non-hulled rapeseed was used and solvent extraction or pressing for oil separation and oil quality were compared. In dependency of applied PEF treatment intensity (42–84 kJ kg− 1) oil yield increased by pressing as well as solvent extraction from and higher concentrations of tocopherols, polyphenols, total antioxidants and phytosterols were measured in the oil. No effect on unsaturated properties and saponification values were investigated, and higher concentration of chlorophyll and free fatty acids in the oil were determined. Besides PEF treatment and oil separation method the hulling of rapeseed has an obvious effect on oil quality. Industrial relevance The application of pulsed electric fields as a nonthermal food processing technology is interesting for increased extraction processes of plant materials. For consumers gentle processed products get more and more interesting. Results of this study show, that pulsed electric fields can be used as a pretreatment before oil separation to increase oil yield and content of functional food ingredients under gentle conditions.
169 citations
TL;DR: In this article, whole cell Rhizopus oryzae (R. oryzaa) IFO4697 immobilized within biomass support particles (BSPs) was used as catalyst for biodiesel production in tert-butanol, in which the stability of the catalyst could be enhanced significantly.
100 citations
TL;DR: A close interrelationship between fatty acid composition and oil content in an oilseed rape doubled haploid population is indicated, which should be considered when breeding for increased oil content or improved oil composition in rapeseed.
Abstract: Increasing oil content and improving the fatty acid composition in the seed oil are important breeding goals for rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). The objective of the study was to investigate a possible relationship between fatty acid composition and oil content in an oilseed rape doubled haploid (DH) population. The DH population was derived from a cross between the German cultivar Sollux and the Chinese cultivar Gaoyou, both having a high erucic acid and a very high oil content. In total, 282 DH lines were evaluated in replicated field experiments in four environments, two each in Germany and in China. Fatty acid composition of the seed oil was analyzed by gas liquid chromatography and oil content was determined by NIRS. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fatty acid contents were mapped and their additive main effects were determined by a mixed model approach using the program QTLMapper. For all fatty acids large and highly significant genetic variations among the genotypes were observed. High heritabilities were determined for oil content and for all fatty acids (h
2 = 0.82 to 0.94), except for stearic acid content (h
2= 0.38). Significant correlations were found between the contents of all individual fatty acids and oil content. Closest genetic correlations were found between oil content and the sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:2 + 18:3;
r
G = −0.46), the sum of monounsaturated fatty acids (18:1 + 20:1 + 22:1; r
G = 0.46) and palmitic acid (16:0; r
G = −0.34), respectively. Between one and eight QTL for the contents of the different fatty acids were detected. Together, their additive main effects explained between 28% and 65% of the genetic variance for the individual fatty acids. Ten QTL for fatty acid contents mapped within a distance of 0 to 10 cM to QTL for oil content, which were previously identified in this DH population. QTL mapped within this distance to each other are likely to be identical. The results indicate a close interrelationship between fatty acid composition and oil content, which should be considered when breeding for increased oil content or improved oil composition in rapeseed.
96 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors performed a literature search for world-wide studies on cross-fertilisation in fully fertile oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and found that the likelihood of pollen-mediated gene flow has been investigated in numerous studies.
Abstract: The cultivation of genetically modified (GM) herbicide resistant oilseed rape (Brassica napus) has increased over the past few years. The transfer of herbicide resistance genes via pollen (gene flow) from GM crops to non-GM crops is of relevance for the realisation of co-existence of different agricultural cultivation forms as well as for weed management. Therefore the likelihood of pollen-mediated gene flow has been investigated in numerous studies. Despite the difficulty to compare different experiments with varying levels of outcrossing, we performed a literature search for world-wide studies on cross-fertilisation in fully fertile oilseed rape. The occurrence and frequency of pollen-mediated intraspecific gene flow (outcrossing rate) can vary according to cultivar, experimental design, local topography and environmental conditions. The outcrossing rate from one field to another depends also on the size and arrangement of donor and recipient populations and on the ratio between donor and recipient plot size. The outcrossing levels specified in the presented studies are derived mostly from experiments where the recipient field is either surrounding the donor field (continuous design) or is located as a patch at different distances from the donor field (discontinuous design). Reports of gene flow in Brassica napus generally show that the amount of cross-fertilisation decreases as the distance from the pollen source increases. The evidence given in various studies reveals that the bulk of GM cross-fertilisation occurs within the first 10 m of the recipient field. The removal of the first 10 m of a non-transgenic field facing a GM crop might therefore be more efficient for reducing the total level of cross-fertilisation in a recipient sink population than to recommend separation distances. Future experiments should investigate cross-fertilisation with multiple adjacent donor fields at the landscape level under different spatial distributions of rapeseed cultivars and different cropping systems. The level of cross-fertilisation occurring over the whole field is mainly important for co-existence and has not been investigated in agricultural scale experiments until now. Potential problems with herbicide resistant oilseed rape volunteers arising from intraspecific gene flow can be largely solved by the choice of suitable cultivars and herbicides as well as by soil management.
86 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that Chinese semi-winter rapeseed germplasm has a great potential to increase seed yield in spring rapeseed hybrid breeding programs in Canada and Europe.
Abstract: Chinese semi-winter rapeseed is genetically diverse from Canadian and European spring rapeseed. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of semi-winter rapeseed for spring rapeseed hybrid breeding, to assess the genetic effects involved, and to estimate the correlation of parental genetic distance (GD) with hybrid performance, heterosis, general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) in crosses between spring and semi-winter rapeseed lines. Four spring male sterile lines from Germany and Canada as testers were crossed with 13 Chinese semi-winter rapeseed lines to develop 52 hybrids, which were evaluated together with their parents and commercial hybrids for seed yield and oil content in three sets of field trials with 8 environments in Canada and Europe. The Chinese parental lines were not adapted to local environmental conditions as demonstrated by poor seed yields per se. However, the hybrids between the Chinese parents and the adapted spring rapeseed lines exhibited high heterosis for seed yield. The average mid-parent heterosis was 15% and ca. 50% of the hybrids were superior to the respective hybrid control across three sets of field trials. Additive gene effects mainly contributed to hybrid performance since the mean squares of GCA were higher as compared to SCA. The correlation between parental GD and hybrid performance and heterosis was found to be low whereas the correlation between GCA(f + m) and hybrid performance was high and significant in each set of field trials, with an average of r = 0.87 for seed yield and r = 0.89 for oil content, indicating that hybrid performance can be predicted by GCA(f + m). These results demonstrate that Chinese semi-winter rapeseed germplasm has a great potential to increase seed yield in spring rapeseed hybrid breeding programs in Canada and Europe.
85 citations
TL;DR: The present study evaluated the possible reasons for the recorded collapse in Finnish turnip rape yields and concluded that a national survey is essential for a thorough and up-to-date picture of the prevalence of pests and diseases in turnip Rape and their contribution to reduced yields.
Abstract: Average seed yields per hectare of Brassica oilseed crops in Finland, mainly summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L. var. oleifera subvar. annua), which covers 0·93–0·99 of the total oil crop cultivation area depending on year, have fallen dramatically during the last 15 years. This downward trend is contrary to those in other temperate regions, where rapeseed yields have increased or levelled off after reaching a relatively high level. The 5-year moving averages for Finland show that seed yield started to diminish gradually after reaching its highest level of over 1700 kg/ha in the early 1990s. By 2005 it had fallen to 1270 kg/ha. The present study evaluated the possible reasons for the recorded collapse in Finnish turnip rape yields. All the statistical analyses were based on large, previously produced, datasets from multi-location Agrifood Research Finland (MTT) Official Variety Tests, Finnish Food Safety Authority (EVIRA) Seed Testing datasets and the Information Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Finland (TIKE) national production datasets. Results from MTT trials indicated that the latest turnip rape cultivars were more sensitive to elevated temperatures at late seed set and during seed fill – and such temperatures often occurred during the years of greatest yield reduction. When taking into account how commonly sown these cultivars were at national level during the last 10 years, increased sensitivity contributed to up to two thirds of the recorded yield reduction. Even though the growing area of turnip rape has slightly exceeded 100 000 ha, after long being 60 000–70 000 ha, by extending cultivation to more northern areas of Finland, such changes do not explain the yield collapse according to data from TIKE. Furthermore, lower national yields do not stem from larger, but rather are associated with narrower within year variation in seed yield. Additional empirical work is needed to understand the causes of increased temperature sensitivity in modern cultivars (e.g. possible linkage to drought, diseases and/or drastically increased seed energy content). Furthermore, a national survey is essential for a thorough and up-to-date picture of the prevalence of pests and diseases in turnip rape and their contribution to reduced yields.
65 citations
TL;DR: The farm-scale GM platforms set up in France in 1995 were used and it is shown that over time the rate of GM seeds admixture in the harvest largely exceeded the European threshold in 6 out of 18 cases.
63 citations
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between yield and some yield components of 16 oilseed rape cultivars (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera L.) by using correlation and path coefficient analysis.
Abstract: This research was carried out during 2000, 2001 and 2002 in Van, Turkey to investigate the relationships between yield and some yield components of 16 oilseed rape cultivars (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera L.) by using correlation and path coefficient analysis. The results revealed that there were statistically positive correlation between seed yield with the number of branch (r=0.219 **), with number of pods per plant (r=0.424 **), with the number of seeds per pod (r= 0.247 **), and with 1000-seed weight (r= 0.161*). Number of pods per plant, 1000-seed weight and number of seeds per pod have shown a considerable direct positive effect on seed yield. Positive direct effect of number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and number of branches per plant was associated with significant and positive correlation with seed yield. These yield components suggested good selection criteria to improve seed yield of rapeseed breeding.
56 citations
TL;DR: Honeybees and Brassica plants have mutualistic relationship and coevolved during the long course of their evolutionary history, and planned honeybee pollination could result in increased productivity and improvement in other parameters through the process of heterosis.
Abstract: Bees and Brassica plants have mutualistic relationship and coevolved during the long course of their evolutionary history Since most of the oilseed crops are cross‐pollinated, adequate pollination is vital for any significant seed production Among the various pollinating agents, honeybees play a predominant role in increasing the yield of rapeseed Almost one‐third of total cropped area under oilseeds has been reported to be entomophilous The yield of rapeseed and mustard can be doubled through pollination by insects Pollinators not only enhance the yield of the crop but also contribute to uniform and early pod setting Therefore, planned honeybee pollination could result in increased productivity and improvement in other parameters through the process of heterosis Both protective applications of pesticides against pests and use of bees should be integrated in a manner to boost oilseed production and honey production The relevant information on the mutualistic interactions between honeybees and rapeseed is discussed in this chapter to stimulate further research efforts to enhance productivity of oilseed crops
51 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that doubled haploid (DH) production using microspore cultivation can simultaneously introgress favourable alleles for double-low seed quality (low erucic acid and low-glucosinolate content) into a genetically diverse Brassica napus genetic background.
Abstract: Generation of novel genetic diversity for maximization of heterosis in hybrid production is a significant goal in winter oilseed rape breeding. Here, we demonstrate that doubled haploid (DH) production using microspore cultivation can simultaneously introgress favourable alleles for double-low seed quality (low erucic acid and low-glucosinolate content) into a genetically diverse Brassica napus genetic background. The DH lines were derived from a cross between a double-low quality winter rapeseed variety and a genetically diverse semisynthetic B. napus line with high erucic acid and high glucosinolates (+ + quality). Twenty-three low-glucosinolate lines were identified with a genome component of 50-67% derived from the + + parent. Four of these lines, with a genome component of 50-55% derived from the + + parent, also contained low erucic acid. Heterosis for seed yield was confirmed in test-crosses using these genetically diverse lines as pollinator. The results demonstrate the potential of marker-assisted identification of novel genetic pools for breeding of double-low quality winter oilseed rape hybrids.
TL;DR: The aim of the present study was to develop Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopic (NIRS) calibrations, and to identify genotypes with a low sinapate ester content after testing in the field, indicating that the NIRS calibrations need to be extended by analysing samples from new populations.
Abstract: Increasing the meal and protein quality of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) for food and feed purposes is gaining importance in rapeseed breeding programmes. Rapeseed meal has a high content of phenolic acid esters, mainly sinapate esters, which have been shown to cause a dark colour and a bitter taste in rapeseed meal and derived protein products. The aim of the present study was to analyse the genetic variation for individual and total sinapate ester content, to develop Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopic (NIRS) calibrations, and to identify genotypes with a low sinapate ester content after testing in the field. The following sinapate esters were analysed by HPLC: sinapoylcholine (sinapine), sinapoylglucose, and a minor group of 'other sinapate esters' which includes free sinapate. A genotypically diverse set of seed samples of winter oilseed rape (old and new cultivars, breeding lines, resynthesized rapeseed) from different years and locations was collected, their NIRS spectra recorded and the samples were further analysed by HPLC. The complete NIRS calibration seed sample set (n = 575) showed a large variation in total sinapate ester content, ranging from 3.2 to 12.7 mg sinapate equivalents per g seeds. The NIRS calibration equations showed high fractions of explained variances in cross validation (R 2 cv ) ranging from 0.75 (other sinapate esters) to 0.85 (sinapoylglucose). The standard errors of cross validation (SECV) ranged from 0.38 (other sinapate esters) to 0.70 mg/g seed (total sinapate esters). In validation and in independent validations the predicted results were not always acceptable, indicating that the NIRS calibrations need to be extended by analysing samples from new populations. Following replicated field experiments, a doubled haploid line obtained from the old Dutch cultivar Mansholts' Hamburger Raps, and related DH lines from the cross DH Mansholts' x Express were confirmed to have a 30-40% lower sinapate ester content compared to check cultivars.
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a take down policy to remove access to the work immediately and investigate the claim that this document breaches copyright, and they provided details of the claim.
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TL;DR: The genetic diversity and relationships among 63 rapeseed accessions including 34 Chinese, 22 Czech, 2 Swedish, 2 German, one French and 2 Canadian accessions were evaluated by nine agronomically important characters in the field at Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
Abstract: The genetic diversity and relationships among 63 rapeseed accessions, including 34 Chinese, 22 Czech, 2 Swedish, 2 German, one French and 2 Canadian accessions, were evaluated by nine agronomically important characters in the field at Yangling, Shaanxi, China. Significant differences between Chinese and European group in plant height, setting position of the first primary branch, number of siliques of the terminal raceme, thousand seed weight and seed yield per plant were detected. There were significant variations in nine agronomic characters among the tested rapeseed accessions. Ward’s minimum variance cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis distances on the raw data of nine agronomic characters clearly separated the European accessions from the Chinese ones. However, the Chinese accessions with erucic acid free and/or low glucosinolates could not be separated from those Chinese accessions with both high erucic acid and glucosinolates. In general, cluster analysis of the 63 accessions based on the selected agronomic characters was consistent with known pedigree information and geographic origin, as well as the previous RAPD results of these accessions. The European rapeseed could be important germplasm resources for enriching the genetic background of Chinese rapeseed, and vice versa.
TL;DR: Resynthesized forms of rapeseed generated from interspecific hybridization between suitable genotypes of its diploid progenitors Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea represent a potentially useful resource to introduce resistance against the fungal pathogen Verticillium longisporum into the gene pool of oilseed rape.
Abstract: Resynthesized (RS) forms of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.; genome AACC, 2n = 38) generated from interspecific hybridization between suitable genotypes of its diploid progenitors Brassica rapa L. (syn. campestris; genome AA, 2n = 20) and Brassica oleracea L. (CC, 2n = 18) represent a potentially useful resource to introduce resistance against the fungal pathogen Verticillium longisporum into the gene pool of oilseed rape. Numerous cabbage (B. oleracea) accessions are known with resistance to V. longisporum; however, B. oleracea generally has high levels of erucic acid and glucosinolates in the seed, which reduces the suitability of resulting RS rapeseed lines for oilseed rape breeding. In this study resistance against V. longisporum was identified in the cabbage accession Kashirka 202 (B. oleracea convar. capitata), a zero erucic acid mutant, and RS rapeseed lines were generated by crossing the resistant genotype with two spring turnip rape accessions (B. rapa ssp. olerifera) with zero erucic acid. One of the resulting zero erucic acid RS rapeseed lines was found to have a high level of resistance to V. longisporum compared with both parental accessions and with B. napus controls. A number of other zero erucic acid RS lines showed resistance levels comparable to the parental accessions. In the most resistant RS lines the resistance and zero erucic acid traits were combined with variable seed glucosinolate contents. Erucic acid-free RS rapeseed with moderate seed glucosinolate content represents an ideal basic material for introgression of quantitative V. longisporum resistance derived from B. oleracea and B. rapa into elite oilseed rape breeding lines.
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: The strongest direct effects to oil yield/ha was estimated for seed yield/ ha, whereas other investigated traits showed low or no effect to oilield/ha.
Abstract: The objective of the investigation was to estimate interrelationship among rapeseed quantitative traits using simple regression coeffi cients, as well as to assess direct and indirect effects of specifi c traits to oil yield/ha via path analysis. Three year investigation was carried out including thirty rapeseed genotypes. The following traits were investigated: number of pods per plant, oil content, 1000 seed weight, pre-anthesis duration, post-anthesis duration, seed yield/ha and oil yield/ha. Almost complete correlation was determined between seed yield/ha and oil yield/ha and strong between oil content and oil yield/ha. The strongest direct effects to oil yield/ha was estimated for seed yield/ha, whereas other investigated traits showed low or no effect to oil yield/ha.
TL;DR: In this article, a three year investigation was carried out including thirty rapeseed genotypes, and the following traits were investigated: number of pods per plant, oil content, 1000 seed weight, pre-anthesis duration, post-antheses duration, seed yield/ha, and oil yield /ha.
Abstract: The objective of the investigation was to estimate interrelationship among rapeseed quantitative traits using simple regression coeffi cients, as well as to assess direct and indirect effects of specifi c traits to oil yield/ha via path analysis. Three year investigation was carried out including thirty rapeseed genotypes. The following traits were investigated: number of pods per plant, oil content, 1000 seed weight, pre-anthesis duration, post-anthesis duration, seed yield/ha
and oil yield/ha. Almost complete correlation was determined between seed yield/ha and oil yield/ha and strong between oil content and oil yield/ha. The strongest direct effects to oil yield/ha was estimated for seed yield/ha, whereas other investigated traits showed low or no effect to oil yield/ha.
TL;DR: In this article, a large amount of vegetable oil such as corn, sunflower, rapeseed, soybean, and palm oil was completely transesterified into biodiesel fuel at short time because of high mass transfer rate in the homogeneous solutio...
Abstract: Vegetable oil such as corn, sunflower, rapeseed, soybean, and palm oil was completely transesterified into biodiesel fuel at short time because of high mass-transfer rate in the homogeneous solutio...
TL;DR: It was concluded that several vegetable fat sources could be used as alternatives to animal fat in pig feed, whereas fat blends should be avoided.
Abstract: Summary The use of fats and oils in diets for pigs is of great importance due to their high energy value. As a consequence of the BSE-crisis in the European Union, the amount of animal fat available for animal feeds has been reduced, and alternative fat sources are of increasing importance. In this paper, we review our main findings on the effects of diets with different fat sources on apparent fat digestibility in pigs. A method for quantitative measurement of fat extraction from feed and faeces has been developed, and this method has been used in a digestibility trial, in which diets added 5% of either animal fat, palm oil mix, palm oil, vegetable oil mix, coconut oil, or rapeseed oil were tested in weaned and growing pigs. It was concluded that several vegetable fat sources (palm oil mix, palm oil, coconut oil, rapeseed oil) could be used as alternatives to animal fat in pig feed, whereas fat blends should be avoided.
TL;DR: In this paper, a study on 17 rapeseed genotypes (nine of Canadian origin and eight of European origin) at four locations in Kenya for two years was carried out on seed yields which indicated that the genotypes were significantly different (LSD, 0.05).
Abstract: Many oilseed crops (e.g. sunflower, soybeans, rapeseed/mustard, sesame, groundnuts etc) are grown in Kenya. But oilseed rape is preferred because of its high yields (1.5 tons – 4.0 tons/ha) with high oil content of 42 – 46%. It is soft seeded hence oil extraction is relatively easy. The meal is high in protein and very useful in livestock feed supplementation. The success of any crop improvement programme depends on the extent of genetic diversity in the material. Hence, it is essential to evaluate introductions for adaptation and study the similarities if any among them. Evaluation trials were carried out on 17 rapeseed genotypes (nine of Canadian origin and eight of European origin) at 4 locations in Kenya namely Endebess, Njoro, Timau and Mau Narok for two years. An analysis of variance was carried out on seed yields which indicated that the genotypes were significantly different (LSD, 0.05). Cluster analysis based on mean seed yields suggested only one major group existed within the material. In the first year, genotypes 2, 3, 8 and 9 didn’t group with the rest. Genotype 8 was the only one that did not classify with the rest of the Canadian genotypes. Three European genotypes (2, 3 and 9) were however not classified with the others. In the second year, genotypes 10 and 6 didn’t fall in the major cluster. Of these two, genotype 10 is of Canadian origin. Genotypes were more similar in the second year than the first year due to favorable weather. It is evident that genotypes from different geographical areas, that is, Europe and Canada fell in the same clusters suggesting that they have genetic similarity.The groupings indicated no correspondence between geographical diversity and clustering pattern.
Key words: Genetic diversity, cluster analysis, genetic similarity and cluster pattern.
TL;DR: The Shanghai RAPESEED Database was created to provide the solid platform for functional genomics studies of oilseed crops with the emphasis on seed development and fatty acid metabolism and the TILLING platform was established based on the generated EMS mutant population.
Abstract: The Shanghai RAPESEED Database (RAPESEED, http://rapeseed.plantsignal.cn/) was created to provide the solid platform for functional genomics studies of oilseed crops with the emphasis on seed development and fatty acid metabolism. The RAPESEED includes the resource of 8462 unique ESTs, of which 3526 clones are with full length cDNA; the expression profiles of 8095 genes and the Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE, 23,895 unique tags) and tag-to-gene data during seed development. In addition, a total of approximately 14,700 M3 mutant populations were generated by ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis and related seed quality information was determined using the Foss NIR System. Further, the TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) platform was established based on the generated EMS mutant population. The relevant information was collected in RAPESEED database, which can be searched through keywords, nucleotide or protein sequences, or seed quality parameters, and downloaded.
TL;DR: It is concluded that ethoxylates of rapeseed oil and of methylated rapeseedOil are a promising chemistry for glyphosate adjuvants, provided that their ethylene oxide content is high.
Abstract: In a study aimed at finding environmentally benign adjuvants for glyphosate, ethoxylates of rapeseed oil and of methylated rapeseed oil were synthesized, with ethylene oxide (EO) content up to 40 and 8 respectively. They had less influence on spray retention by barley shoots than ethoxylated (15 EO) tallow amine (ETA). At 10 g L−1, ethoxylated rapeseed oil with 30 or 40 EO and ethoxylated methylated rapeseed oil with 6 or 8 EO promoted glyphosate uptake by barley leaves to a greater extent than ETA at the same concentration. However, uptake rates were similar when the concentration was lowered to 2.8 and 3.1 g L−1 for rapeseed oil derivatives and ETA respectively. In the case of ethoxylated methylated rapeseed oil with 8 EO (MeOil-8), glyphosate uptake increased when MeOil-8 concentration was raised from 5 to 10 g L−1. In bioassays under controlled conditions, ethoxylated rapeseed oil with 40 EO (Oil-40) and MeOil-8 were slightly less effective than ETA in favouring the efficacy of glyphosate on barley. The same was found on ryegrass. However, both rapeseed oil derivatives compared well with glyphosate formulants such as ethoxylated diethylamine and alkyl ethoxy phosphate. In one field experiment, the efficacy of glyphosate in the presence of Oil-40, MeOil-8 or ETA was comparable with that of a commercial formulation. In another trial, MeOil-8 was as effective as ETA, but Oil-40 performed less well. It is concluded that ethoxylates of rapeseed oil and of methylated rapeseed oil are a promising chemistry for glyphosate adjuvants, provided that their ethylene oxide content is high. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
TL;DR: Assessment of the potential of near-infrared spectroscopy on combine harvesters for the determination of dry matter, crude protein, oil and glucosinolate contents in rapeseed found NOCH showed a high potential.
Abstract: Optimization of data collection processes in plant breeding programmes is of the highest importance for plant breeders. In rapeseed-breeding, data collection and selection must be carried out in a very restricted period of time because of the short time span between harvesting and sowing. Near-infrared spectroscopy on combine harvesters (NOCH) improves the data collection processes in breeding programmes of grain crops such as maize, and it may also improve the data collection processes in breeding programmes of rapeseed. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of NOCH for the determination of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), oil and glucosinolate (GSL) contents in rapeseed. A plot combine harvester equipped with a near-infrared diode-array spectrometer was used. Reference values for DM content were determined by the oven method. Reference values for the quality traits were established by laboratory near-infrared spectroscopy. NOCH showed a high potential for the determination of DM, CP, oil, and GSL contents. Use of NOCH in breeding may increase the efficiency of data collection processes and might dramatically accelerate the development of rapeseed cultivars.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of drought stress simulated by 10% polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG-6000) on physiological and biochemical traits of 14 rapeseed varieties (Brassica napus L.) were studied during germination stage.
Abstract: The effects of drought stress simulated by 10% polyethylene glycol 6000(PEG-6000) on physiological and biochemical traits of 14 rapeseed varieties(Brassica napus L.) were studied during germination stage.The results showed that the relative vigor index of seedlings varied between 0.32~0.79,with an average of 0.49.Drought stress affected significantly(P0.01) seedling height,fresh weightand survival rate.Compared with water control,10% PEG-6000 treatment reduced seedling height by 40.68%,fresh weight by 34.2% and survival rate by 18% on average.Also,malomdiadehyde(MDA),soluble sugar,proline,soluble protein content,and electrical conductivity of seedlings increased significantly.Compared with water control,10% PEG-6000 treatment increased the content of MDA by 96.7%,soluble sugar by 75.0%,proline by 2 204.9%,soluble protein by 56.2% and electrical conductivity by 34.8% on average.There were not significant differences between PEG treatment and control on numbers of adventitious roots and length of taproot.The results indicated that the relative vigor index could be used as the main index of drought tolerance in rapeseed during germination stage.
TL;DR: Efforts need to be strengthened to enhance the wide range of variability for agronomical, morphological, biochemical, and biotic and abiotic stress‐tolerant characters and to use them in breeding program to break the yield barriers in Brassica crop species.
Abstract: Mutation breeding is one of the approaches to enhance the spectrum of beneficial alleles of agronomic and economic significance in crop improvement program. It has been demonstrated in oleiferous Brassica species too. Physical and chemical mutagens were used to isolate mutations for reduced plant height and yield‐contributing characters. Wide range of variability for flower morphology has been isolated. Yellow seed coat mutants and their use in crossbreeding program have resulted in the development of high oil content lines. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) has played an important role to tailor fatty acid composition of rapeseed‐mustard. Mutations for reduced erucic acid and increased oleic acid have been achieved using EMS. Use of mutations for modified fatty acids in crossbreeding has improved oil quality and seed yield potential. The haploid system was found to be beneficial in Brassica napus for the induction of mutation for herbicide resistance, disease resistance, and oil and meal quality. Mutation breeding has been successfully employed to develop high‐yielding varieties. So far 31 high‐yielding varieties have been developed and released for cultivation all over the world. Compared to important cereal and oilseed crops, limited work on mutation breeding has been undertaken in rapeseed‐mustard. Therefore, efforts need to be strengthened to enhance the wide range of variability for agronomical, morphological, biochemical, and biotic and abiotic stress‐tolerant characters and to use them in breeding program to break the yield barriers in Brassica crop species. Analysis of mutant at molecular level would reinforce the understanding on mechanism of mutations in the era of genomics.
TL;DR: A breeding strategy for widening the germplasm of Brassica napus was proposed by introgression of the A(r) subgenome of B. rapa and B. carinata to widen the genetic diversity of rapeseed.
TL;DR: This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of nutritional implications of oil and meal quality of rapeseed, inheritance of the chief biochemical determinants, the analytical techniques for estimation of nutritional quality parameters and the breeding efforts towards attaining desired nutritional quality in globally prominent rapeseed species with specific relevance to the Indian perspective.
Abstract: Almost all plant parts of rapeseed are used in a range of human livelihood activities: seeds for edible oil, the leaf as vegetable and animal fodder, the oilseed cake as high‐value animal feed and the dried stalk as domestic fuel. The nutritional quality of the two economically important products, that is oil and cake, is of prime importance due to its direct and indirect impact on human health. Brassica oil especially that of oilseed rape ( Brassica napus ) is nutritionally superior to most of the other edible oils due to the lowest amounts of harmful saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and a good proportion of mono‐ and polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs). In addition, it is also a source of the two essential FAs, linoleic and linolenic, that are not present in some of the other edible oils. The meal is a rich source of good‐quality proteins as well; however, the value of the conventional oil and meal from varieties being grown in India or other Asian countries gets restricted at the global level due to the presence of higher amounts of a long carbon chain unsaturated FA (erucic acid) in the seed oil and sulphur‐containing compounds (glucosinolates) in the meal, both of which are undesired. This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of nutritional implications of oil and meal quality of rapeseed, inheritance of the chief biochemical determinants, the analytical techniques for estimation of nutritional quality parameters and the breeding efforts towards attaining desired nutritional quality in globally prominent rapeseed species with specific relevance to the Indian perspective.
TL;DR: New B. napus inbred lines with flowers having different petal colors, high productivity and with increased levels of oleic and linoleic acids and reduced glucosinolate content are obtained by pedigree selection through F12 generation in the progenies of one B. Napus cv.
Abstract: Brassica napus L. with more than 80% acreage of brassicas in China was introduced only in the last century with limited genetic variability. The widening of gene pool of this crop through suitable approaches including wide hybridizations is pivotal for its further improvement. In this study, new B. napus inbred lines with flowers having different petal colors (white, slight yellow and yellow), high productivity and with increased levels of oleic (∼70%, 10% higher than that of B. napus parent) and linoleic (28%) acids and reduced glucosinolate content (<30 μmol/g oil free meal) were obtained by pedigree selection through F12 generation in the progenies of one B. napus cv. Oro × Orychophragmus violaceus F5 hybrid plant (2n = 31) which had slight yellow petals. These lines possessed the same chromosome numbers as B. napus (2n = 38) with normal chromosome pairing (19 bivalents) and segregation (19:19) in their pollen mother cells and showed normal seed-set. These novel lines provide valuable germplasm with new gene source of low glucosinolate content for the breeding of canola rapeseed.