Showing papers on "Situational ethics published in 2014"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose an integrated theoretical framework for understanding behavior change that identifies two routes to encourage pro-environmental behaviour: reducing the (hedonic and gain) costs of environmental choices and strengthening normative goals.
802 citations
TL;DR: Together, these studies provide extensive and compelling evidence that the DIAMONDS taxonomy is useful for organizing major dimensions of situation characteristics.
Abstract: Taxonomies of person characteristics are well developed, whereas taxonomies of psychologically important situation characteristics are underdeveloped. A working model of situation perception implies the existence of taxonomizable dimensions of psychologically meaningful, important, and consequential situation characteristics tied to situation cues, goal affordances, and behavior. Such dimensions are developed and demonstrated in a multi-method set of 6 studies. First, the �Situational Eight DIAMONDS� dimensions Duty, Intellect, Adversity, Mating, pOsitivity, Negativity, Deception, and Sociality (Study 1) are established from the Riverside Situational Q-Sort (Sherman, Nave, & Funder, 2010, 2012, 2013; Wagerman & Funder, 2009). Second, their rater agreement (Study 2) and associations with situation cues and goal/trait affordances (Studies 3 and 4) are examined. Finally, the usefulness of these dimensions is demonstrated by examining their predictive power of behavior (Study 5), particularly vis-a-vis measures of personality and situations (Study 6). Together, we provide extensive and compelling evidence that the DIAMONDS taxonomy is useful for organizing major dimensions of situation characteristics. We discuss the DIAMONDS taxonomy in the context of previous taxonomic approaches and sketch future research directions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)
366 citations
TL;DR: This work provides an overview of how identity threat shapes the psychological processes of racial and ethnic minorities by heightening vigilance to certain situational cues in the workplace and outlines several of these cues and their role in creating and sustaining perceptions of identity threat (or safety).
Abstract: Significant disparities remain between racial and ethnic minorities' and Whites' experiences of American workplaces. Traditional prejudice and discrimination approaches explain these gaps in hiring, promotion, satisfaction, and well-being by pointing to the prejudice of people within organizations such as peers, managers, and executives. Grounded in social identity threat theory, this theoretical review instead argues that particular situational cues-often communicated by well-meaning, largely unprejudiced employees and managers-signal to stigmatized groups whether their identity is threatened and devalued or respected and affirmed. First, we provide an overview of how identity threat shapes the psychological processes of racial and ethnic minorities by heightening vigilance to certain situational cues in the workplace. Next, we outline several of these cues and their role in creating and sustaining perceptions of identity threat (or safety). Finally, we provide empirically grounded suggestions that organizations may use to increase identity safety among their employees of color. Taken together, the research demonstrates how situational cues contribute to disparate psychological experiences for racial and ethnic minorities at work, and suggests that by altering threatening cues, organizations may create more equitable, respectful, and inclusive environments where all people may thrive.
129 citations
14 Mar 2014
TL;DR: For example, Wikström as discussed by the authors argued that attributes cannot be causes of crime, and pointed out that being male, teenage, or belonging to an ethnic minority does not move anyone to commit a crime.
Abstract: People do not commit crime because, for example, they are male, teenagers or belong to an ethnic minority. Being male, teenage or belonging to an ethnic minority does not move anyone, for example, to steal a CD from a shop, break into a car, burn down a school building or blow up an aircraft. Attributes cannot be causes (e.g. Holland, 1986; Bunge, 2001: 70). Neither do people commit crime because, for example, they are unemployed, have many siblings, a slow resting heart rate, a poor educational record, a particular gene, a mother who smoked during pregnancy, or grew up in public housing. None of these kinds of factors will move a person, for example, to vandalise a fence, sell stolen goods, fraudulently claim benefits or beat up a partner. These kinds of correlates, which appear in their hundreds, are, at best, markers of real causes, although some of them may be implicated when analysing the “causes of the causes” of people’s crimes (Wikström, 2011a). It is easy to agree with the statement by Hedström (2005: 23) that “I do not believe that a view of theories and explanations as lists of statistically relevant factors is conducive to the development of a rigorous body of sociological theory” (see also Wikström, 2004).
122 citations
TL;DR: Examination of Facebook usage of Fortune 500 companies and the effectiveness with which these companies employed the platform for crisis management indicated that ‘justification’ and ‘full apology’ were the most commonly used crisis response strategies.
121 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a spectrum of policy formulation types between "design" and "non-design" is defined, including design in which means are selected in accordance with experience and knowledge and that in which principles and relationships are incorrectly or only partially articulated or understood.
Abstract: Public policies are the result of efforts made by governments to alter aspects of behaviour—both that of their own agents and of society at large—in order to carry out some end or purpose. They are comprised of arrangements of policy goals and policy means matched through some decision-making process. These policy-making efforts can be more, or less, systematic in attempting to match ends and means in a logical fashion or can result from much less systematic processes. “Policy design” implies a knowledge-based process in which the choice of means or mechanisms through which policy goals are given effect follows a logical process of inference from known or learned relationships between means and outcomes. This includes both design in which means are selected in accordance with experience and knowledge and that in which principles and relationships are incorrectly or only partially articulated or understood. Policy decisions can be careful and deliberate in attempting to best resolve a problem or can be highly contingent and driven by situational logics. Decisions stemming from bargaining or opportunism can also be distinguished from those which result from careful analysis and assessment. This article considers both modes and formulates a spectrum of policy formulation types between “design” and “non-design” which helps clarify the nature of each type and the likelihood of each unfolding.
91 citations
TL;DR: The question of whether living alone should be considered as a risk factor for poor health outcomes and if this risk is adequately measured by asking if a patient lives alone is raised, or if composite measures of social isolation and loneliness must be concomitantly included.
Abstract: M any older adults live alone. For example, in the United States, over 45 % of women over the age of 75 years live alone. Much attention has been placed on older adults who are living alone, because of the recent studies that have shown that both loneliness and social isolation are associated with poor health outcomes. These studies have also suggested that living alone is not necessarily indicative of having poor social support or of feeling lonely. While it may be reasonable to believe that living alone is a good proxy for these types of social measures, there is increasing recognition that the measures of social well-being are complex concepts and go beyond simply describing the situational facts of a person’s life. In actuality, social isolation and loneliness are complex self-perceptions that may not be fully captured by whether or not someone lives alone. This demands that as clinicians, we must dig deeper into a patient’s personal perspective. For example, measures of loneliness go beyond just asking about whether a person has social contacts, but also ask about the subjective feeling of feeling left out, isolated or not belonging. Accordingly, this raises the question of whether we should consider living alone as a risk factor for poor health outcomes and if this risk is adequately measured by asking if a patient lives alone, or if we must concomitantly include composite measures of social isolation and loneliness. In this issue of JGIM, Ennis et al. report on the association of living alone with hospitalization in community-dwelling elders. In this retrospective longitudinal cohort study, Ennis et al. followed 2,636 participants over 65 years of age from the Adults Changes in Thought (ACT) study for an average of 8.4 years. The main measures examined included hospitalization for all causes and for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs). After adjusting for several factors, the authors concluded that living alone was associated with a lower risk for all-cause (OR=0.76; 95 % CI 0.61, 0.94), but not ACSC hospitalization. The authors also concluded that dementia did not modify any of their findings. Asking about living alone may be a useful starting point for understanding an individual’s social support. However, when placed in the context of studies that have shown detrimental effects of social isolation and loneliness, Ennis’ findings imply that this question alone does not offer a complete picture of an individual’s social milieu. This study by Ennis et al. is one of several recent studies attempting to clarify the intricacies of social support—a term that may encompass some or all of the concepts of living alone, loneliness, and social isolation. While some studies approach the experience of social isolation as unidimensional and describe it as the lack of interaction with social contacts, others have developed composite measures that incorporate both the quality and quantity of social relationships. These inconsistencies in terminology and methodology can make it difficult to understand what is actually being measured and the significance of the conclusions reached. This challenge of understanding exactly what is being measured when older adults are described as living alone is apparent in this study. In addition to asking whether patients lived alone, the authors also used a composite measure of social support, (the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List or ISEL), which provides a global measure of perceived social support across four domains (belonging, self-esteem, appraisal, and tangible help). Since the ISEL measure includes the concepts of social isolation and loneliness together, it is difficult to determine whether these factors individually had an effect on the risk of hospitalization. The authors found that subjects who lived alone scored slightly lower on the social support measure than those living with others, but the absolute difference was strikingly small. Yet, it is clear that many persons who live alone have effective social support, while many who live with others have poor social support. In our research on the effects of loneliness on functional decline and death, we found a remarkably similar relationship between living alone and loneliness. While those who lived alone were more likely to report loneliness, many who live alone are not lonely and many who live with others still feel lonely. Living alone by itself is clearly an insufficient measure of social well-being and connectivity. The significant limitations of living alone as a measure of social support is probably a major reason why Ennis et al. did not find that living alone was a risk factor for hospitalization. Another difficulty in examining the association of living alone with health outcomes is the possibility of confounding by functional status. Older persons often choose to move in with family or others when they develop functional impairments that make independent living difficult. These Published online August 5, 2014
81 citations
TL;DR: A major objection to the study of virtue asserts that the empirical psychological evidence implies traits have little meaningful impact on behavior, as slight changes in situational characteristics... as discussed by the authors argues that the evidence suggests traits have few meaningful impacts on behavior.
Abstract: A major objection to the study of virtue asserts that the empirical psychological evidence implies traits have little meaningful impact on behavior, as slight changes in situational characteristics...
66 citations
TL;DR: Examination of a variety of motivated situational contexts finds that people's theories of change shifted in line with goals to protect self and liked others and to cast aspersions on disliked others, finding that people who were most threatened by a previously convicted child sex offender gravitated most to the entity view that others do not change.
Abstract: People differ in their implicit theories about the malleability of characteristics such as intelligence and personality. These relatively chronic theories can be experimentally altered, and can be affected by parent or teacher feedback. Little is known about whether people might selectively shift their implicit beliefs in response to salient situational goals. We predicted that, when motivated to reach a desired conclusion, people might subtly shift their implicit theories of change and stability to garner supporting evidence for their desired position. Any motivated context in which a particular lay theory would help people to reach a preferred directional conclusion could elicit shifts in theory endorsement. We examine a variety of motivated situational contexts across 7 studies, finding that people�s theories of change shifted in line with goals to protect self and liked others and to cast aspersions on disliked others. Studies 1�3 demonstrate how people regulate their implicit theories to manage self-view by more strongly endorsing an incremental theory after threatening performance feedback or memories of failure. Studies 4�6 revealed that people regulate the implicit theories they hold about favored and reviled political candidates, endorsing an incremental theory to forgive preferred candidates for past gaffes but leaning toward an entity theory to ensure past failings �stick� to opponents. Finally, in Study 7, people who were most threatened by a previously convicted child sex offender (i.e., parents reading about the offender moving to their neighborhood) gravitated most to the entity view that others do not change. Although chronic implicit theories are undoubtedly meaningful, this research reveals a previously unexplored source of fluidity by highlighting the active role people play in managing their implicit theories in response to goals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)
63 citations
TL;DR: By combining vulnerability as a context-related and situational concept with existing approaches of informed consent, the different ethical principles can be balanced and preserved at every step of the research process.
Abstract: People in extraordinary situations are vulnerable As research participants, they are additionally threatened by abuse or exploitation and the possibility of harm through research To protect people against these threats, informed consent as an instrument of self-determination has been introduced Self-determination requires autonomous persons, who voluntarily make decisions based on their values and morals However, in nursing research, this requirement cannot always be met Advanced age, chronic illness, co-morbidity and frailty are reasons for dependencies These in turn lead to limited abilities or opportunities for decision-making and self-determination Exclusion of vulnerable people from research projects would disadvantage them by not covering their needs, which would violate the ethical principles of justice and beneficence Commonly, vulnerability is attributed to social groups The consequence for individuals, attributed as belonging to such a vulnerable group, is that the principles of respect for autonomy, justice and beneficence are subordinated to the principle of non-maleficence, understood as avoiding the risk to cause more harm than good In addition, group-specific attribution could lead to stigmatizing because labelling a person as deviation from a norm violates integrity For clinical nursing research, the question arises how the protection of vulnerable people could be granted without compromising ethical principles The concept of relational ethics provides a possible approach It defines vulnerability as the relation between a person's health status and the extent to which this person is dependent on the researcher and the research context Vulnerability is not attributed solely to a person but to a situation, meaning the person is viewed in context By combining vulnerability as a context-related and situational concept with existing approaches of informed consent, the different ethical principles can be balanced and preserved at every step of the research process
TL;DR: The authors review the insights from different literatures of applied and basic research, featuring disparate concepts, methods and measures, and draw on experiment-based research on learning to propose the cognitive processes involved in intercultural learning.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that self-control is necessary for deterring crime only when a person's morals are in conflict with a temptation or provocation; self control is unnecessary when people have strong moral views.
Abstract: Breaking Rules is mostly a book about situational action theory (SAT). Its four authors nicely summarize the theory’s main points and they present several tests of hypotheses suggested by the theory. SAT is primarily concerned with how individual attributes and environmental conditions jointly influence an individual’s decision to break rules, especially legal ones. SAT argues that people develop criminal propensities over time, based mostly on the degree to which they have internalized morality (i.e., accepted normative rules and corresponding negative emotions associated with thoughts about breaking these rules) and their ability to exercise self-control. SAT argues that while morality is necessary and sufficient for deterring crime, self-control is not a necessary condition. In an important twist on prior explanations, SAT argues that self-control is necessary for deterring crime only when a person’s morals are in conflict with a temptation or provocation; self-control is unnecessary when people have strong moral views. Furthermore, SAT sees self-control as a cognitive activity, rather than as a stable or fixed trait. SAT extends the propensity logic to the environment and maintains that settings also differ in their ‘‘criminogenic propensity.’’ Drawing on theories of social disorganization, routine activities, and collective efficacy, SAT argues that settings vary in their temptations and provocations; that is, in their moral context, the presence of moral norms, the level of rule enforcement, and the actions of others in the setting (e.g., behaving aggressively). Thus, SAT predicts that most crime occurs when individuals with high criminal propensity are exposed to settings that they perceive as high in criminal propensity. This exposure reflects a joint selection process: social selection (i.e., social forces) that result in people with a high criminal propensity finding themselves in criminogenic environments, and self-selection, whereby people with high criminal propensity choose to go to these settings. Per-Olof Wikström, Dietrich Oberwittler, Kyle Treiber, and Beth Hardie use an impressive set of data collected annually for five waves of the Peterborough Adolescent and Young Development Study (PADS). Peterborough is a modest sized U.K. city (2001 population ~156,000) where most youth spend their time in the city, rather than venturing to other urban areas (i.e., 93 percent of respondents’ waking hours were spent in Peterborough). It is also a diverse city: it has some of the country’s most affluent as well as the most economically disadvantaged neighborhoods, and approximately ten percent of its residents are nonwhite. PADS is a cohort study of ~700 young people and had a reasonable response rate (~72 percent) and a remarkable retention rate (~97 percent). The data collected include self-report information from youth first interviewed at age 12 and a primary caregiver, police records, a survey of community residents, census data, and a number of retrospective (i.e., the week-before) time-space diaries measuring how and where youth spent time over a four-day period during the week before each of the five waves of data collection. Comparisons with census and community data indicate that the demographic attributes of youth in the study closely resemble those of the larger population, as do the attributes of their caregivers. The authors use these data for a number of analyses some of which replicate results from earlier studies, while others bring new insights into offending. The former include Reviews 427
25 Feb 2014
TL;DR: Bargh as discussed by the authors argues that social psychology phenomena are essentially automatic in nature, as opposed to being mediated by conscious choice or reflection, and argues that an automatic mental phenomenon is that which occurs reflexively whenever certain triggering conditions are in place; when those conditions are present, the process runs off autonomously, independently of conscious guidance.
Abstract: As Skinner argued so pointedly, the more we know about the situational causes of psychological phenomena, the less need we have for postulating internal conscious mediating processes to explain those phenomena. Now, as the purview of social psychology is precisely to discover those situational causes of thinking, feeling, and acting in the real or implied presence of other people, it is hard to escape the forecast that as knowledge progresses regarding social psychological phenomena there will be less of a role played by free will or conscious choice in accounting for them. In other words, because of social psychology's natural focus on the situational determinants of thinking, feeling, and doing, it is inevitable that social psychological phenomena increasingly will be found to be automatic in nature. This 10th book in the series addresses automaticity and how it relates to social behavior. The lead article, written by John Bargh, argues that social psychology phenomena are essentially automatic in nature, as opposed to being mediated by conscious choice or reflection. Bargh maintains that an automatic mental phenomenon is that which occurs reflexively whenever certain triggering conditions are in place; when those conditions are present, the process runs off autonomously, independently of conscious guidance. In his lead article, he focuses on these preconscious automatic processes that can be contrasted with postconscious and goal-dependent forms of automaticity which depend on more than the mere presence of environmental objects or events. Because social psychology, like automaticity theory and research, is also largely concerned with phenomena that occur whenever certain situational features or factors are in place, social psychology phenomena are essentially automatic. Students and researchers in social and cognitive psychology will find this to be a provocative addition to the series.
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: Fergie and Jonasdottir as discussed by the authors discuss the relationship between gender, power, and national identity in the Swedish Crown Princess Wedding and discuss the importance of time and love in Caring Practices and Research.
Abstract: 1. Introduction Ann Ferguson and Anna G. Jonasdottir 2. Love Studies: A (Re)New(ed) Field of Feminist Knowledge Interests Anna G. Jonasdottir Part I: Gendered Interests in Sexual Love 3. Love, Social Change, and Everyday Heterosexuality Stevi Jackson 4. Royal Love: Gender, Power, and National Identity in the Swedish Crown Princess Wedding Anna Adeniji 5. "Loving More Than One": On the Discourse of Polyamory Christian Klesse 6. A (Re)Turn to Love: An Epistemic Conversation between Lorde's "Uses of the Erotic" and Jonasdottir's "Love Power" Violet Eudine Barriteau 7. Loving Him for Who He Is: The Microsociology of Power Lena Gunnarsson Part II: The Ethical and Political Implications of Time and Love in Caring Practices and Research 8. Time to Love Valerie Bryson 9. All in the Family: Patriarchy, Capitalism, and Love Alyssa Schneebaum 10. Theorizing Love, Work, and Family in Early Norwegian Family Research and Today Margunn Bjornholt 11. Moved by Love: How Love Research Can Change Our Deep-Rooted Emotional Understandings and Affective Consciousness Rosa M. Medina-Domenech, Mari Luz Esteban-Galarza, and Ana Tavora-Rivero 12. Why Love, Care, and Solidarity Are Political Matters: Affectivity, Equality and Fraser's Model of Social Justice Kathleen Lynch Part III: The Politics of Love and Radical/Revolutionary Transformation 13. Revolutionary Love: Feminism, Love, and the Transformative Politics of Freedom in the Works of Wollstonecraft, Beauvoir, and Goldman Leyna Lowe 14. Love in Translation: Neoliberal Availability or a Solidarity Practice? Eva Majewska 15. From Veiled to Unveiled: A Look at Discursive Representation of Body in Iranian Love Blogs Maryam Paknahad Jabarooty 16. Love in the Multitude? A Feminist Critique of Love as a Political Concept Eleanor Wilkinson 17. Feminist Love Politics: Romance, Care, and Solidarity Ann Ferguson 18. Bread and Roses in the Common Rosemary Hennessy
TL;DR: The importance of distinguishing between types of male partner violence and recognizing women’s exertions of personal choice and perceptions of dangerousness when examining their decisions about seeking help from service providers is emphasized.
Abstract: This study examined the help-seeking decisions of low-income women (n = 389) in two types of physically violent heterosexual relationships-intimate terrorism (i.e., physical violence used within a general pattern of coercive control) and situationally violent (i.e., physical violence that is not part of a general pattern of coercive control). Intimate terrorism victims were significantly more likely than situational couple violence victims to cite fear as a reason for not seeking help from the police, medical centers, and counselors/agencies. In contrast, situational couple violence victims more often said that they did not need help. Regression analyses also indicate that additional violence-related factors predict women's help-seeking. Findings emphasize the importance of distinguishing between types of male partner violence and recognizing women's exertions of personal choice and perceptions of dangerousness when examining their decisions about seeking help from service providers.
TL;DR: The analyses demonstrated that adolescent Internet use, particularly where such use took place, has a significant impact on future cigarette smoking and alcohol use, adjusted for conventional factors, and its relationship differs significantly by gender.
TL;DR: The relationship between business leaders' social intelligence (SI) and their creative performance (CP) in the US was studied in this paper. And the results indicated that supervisors with greater social intelligence contributed more to CP.
Abstract: The present study was designed to test the relationship between business leaders' social intelligence (SI) and their creative performance (CP) in the US. SI was defined as the ability to be aware of relevant social situational contexts; to deal with situational contexts or challenges effectively; to understand others' concerns, feelings and emotional states; and to build and maintain positive relationships and to behave appropriately in social relations. Data on SI and CP were collected using questionnaires from two collegiate samples of employed undergraduate students (n = 395) and employed MBA students (n = 250) and from a sample of top executives of organizations (n = 143) to explore the relationship between leaders' SI and their CP. The questionnaires required observers (i.e., respondents) to indicate to what extent their supervisors displayed SI and CP. Data analyses in each sample suggest that supervisors with greater social intelligence contributed more to CP. Implications for management, directions for future research and limitations of the study are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored whether there are differences between information professionals' and library and information science students' perspectives towards e-books, and to what extent the TAM, as well as other personal characteristics such as threat, challenge, and motivation, explain information professionals" and LIS students" perspectives.
TL;DR: In this paper, a recent academic dispute concerning the attempt by management to introduce a new category of casualised academic employee within one of the country's largest research universities is reported, based on a fieldwork study, including document analysis, interviews and the participation of both authors in union and activist activities arising from the dispute.
Abstract: As an early pioneer of market-led institutional reforms and New Public Management policies, New Zealand arguably has one of the most 'neoliberalised' tertiary education sectors in the world. This article reports on a recent academic dispute concerning the attempt by management to introduce a new category of casualised academic employee within one of the country's largest research universities. It is based on a fieldwork study, including document analysis, interviews and the participation of both authors in union and activist activities arising from the dispute. Whilst some academics may collude in the new regimes of governance that these reforms have created, we suggest that 'collusion' and 'resistance' are inadequate terms for explaining how academic behaviour and subjectivities are being reshaped in the modern neoliberal university. We argue for a more theoretically nuanced and situational account that acknowledges the wider legal and systemic constraints that these reforms have created. To do this, we problematise the concept of collusion and reframe it according to three different categories: 'conscious complicity', 'unwitting complicity' and 'coercive complicity'. We ask, what happens when one must 'collude' in order to resist, or when certain forms of opposition are rendered impossible by the terms of one's employment contract? We conclude by reflecting on ways in which academics understand and engage with the policies of university managers in contexts where changes to the framework governing employment relations have rendered conventional forms of resistance increasingly problematic, if not illegal.
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare the similarities and differences of a leadership-as-practice perspective with related leadership approaches such as the leadership style approach and the subsequent situational leadership and contingency models and the relational leadership approach.
Abstract: Inspired by the practice turn in organization and social theory (Schatzki et al., 2001), there has been increasing recognition of the value of theorizing about and studying leadership from a practice perspective (Denis et al., 2005, 2010; Carroll et al., 2008; Crevani et al., 2010; Raelin, 2011; Endrissat & von Arx, 2013). The resulting notion of “leadership-as-practice” gives rise to high expectations but may also cause misunderstandings among leadership scholars and practitioners alike. To recognize its potential we believe it is important to bring to the fore some of its underlying assumptions and outline its similarities and differences to other relatively close concepts. Hence, this chapter provides an introduction to the leadership-as-practice perspective by means of two central comparisons. First, we probe into leadership studies and consider the similarities and differences of a leadership-as-practice perspective with related leadership approaches such as the leadership style approach (and the subsequent situational leadership and contingency models) and the relational leadership approach. We highlight the consequences of doing research from each one of these three perspectives, mainly with respect to the underlying understanding of reality (ontology) and, consequently, the “unit of analysis” (i.e. what is studied and focused on to produce knowledge about leadership). We include examples of typical research questions and exemplary studies in each of the three domains to support our reasoning. Of course, the comparison cannot be completed by considering just two other approaches. However, the two seem most relevant because they share several similarities with the leadership-as-practice approach that need closer examination to define the specific contribution of leadership-as-practice. The style (and the situational/contingency) approach is widely known, entitative in character, but with a similar focus on leadership actions to the practice approach. By making the differences between the two approaches explicit, we hope to inspire the broad range of scholars familiar with the style approach to consider the practice perspective as a potential alternative that allows them to enrich understanding of the accomplishments of leadership. The relational approach, on the other hand, is the closest to the practice approach, and this is sometimes even used synonymously. However, differences exist and we believe that it is important to make them explicit to better understand the critical contribution of leadership-as-practice.In the second comparison we look outside leadership studies and focus instead on the “as-practice” approach, outlining the similarities and differences between leadership-as-practice and other practice approaches in organization studies, namely strategy-as-practice and coordination-as-practice. As we will show, although the underlying assumptions are the same, they differ with respect to the social accomplishment on which they focus, that is the consequences of organizing processes that they try to explain and understand. Because of space restrictions, we had to limit our comparison to those organizational phenomena that we consider most relevant for defining leadership-as-practice. Both coordination and strategy work share similarities with leadership that sometimes make it difficult to distinguish among them. We hope that the focus on ‘social accomplishment’ will help the reader to better understand what the unique contribution of each of these organizational constructs is.
TL;DR: The results suggest that childhood and adolescent social adversity fosters a criminogenic knowledge structure as well as selection into Criminogenic activity spaces and risky activities, all of which increase the likelihood of offending largely through situational definitions.
Abstract: Simons and Burt's (2011) social schematic theory (SST) of crime posits that adverse social factors are associated with offending because they promote a set of social schemas (i.e., a criminogenic knowledge structure) that elevates the probability of situational definitions favorable to crime. This study extends the SST model by incorporating the role of contexts for action. Furthermore, the study advances tests of the SST by incorporating a measure of criminogenic situational definitions to assess whether such definitions mediate the effects of schemas and contexts on crime. Structural equation models using 10 years of panel data from 582 African American youth provided strong support for the expanded theory. The results suggest that childhood and adolescent social adversity fosters a criminogenic knowledge structure as well as selection into criminogenic activity spaces and risky activities, all of which increase the likelihood of offending largely through situational definitions. Additionally, evidence shows that the criminogenic knowledge structure interacts with settings to amplify the likelihood of situational definitions favorable to crime.
TL;DR: Ethical issues are commonly confronted during GHEs in surgery and differ from domestic clinical encounters, and healthcare ethics curriculum should be designed to meet the needs of medical students involved in global health.
TL;DR: The authors examined the effect of visibility on situational concern, evaluation, and clarify relationships between exploratory characteristics, visibility, situational concerns, and evaluation in forest trails and found that visibility increased, situational concern decreased, and as situational concern increased, fear and preference decreased.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the general factor of personality (GFP) in relationship to performance on video-based situational tests measuring social knowledge and skills, and found that high-GFP individuals were better able to indicate the appropriate social behavior in a situational judgment test.
Abstract: Two studies examined the general factor of personality (GFP) in relationship to performance on video-based situational tests measuring social knowledge and skills. Study 1 (N = 180 candidates of an assessment center) showed that high-GFP individuals were better able to indicate the appropriate social behavior in a situational judgment test. Moreover, in that study, high-GFP participants were also rated higher by others on leadership skills. Study 2 (N = 153 psychology students) showed that the GFP was related to actual display of social behavior in a situational webcam test. In both studies, high-GFP individuals reported more leadership experience in organizations. These findings support the idea of the GFP as a substantive personality factor that may also be relevant for personnel selection.
TL;DR: The authors argue for a broad education in narratives as a way to address several problems found in moral psychology and social cognition, such as narrowness or lack of diversity, shared by virtue ethics and the simulation theory of social cognition.
Abstract: I argue for a broad education in narratives as a way to address several problems found in moral psychology and social cognition. First, an education in narratives will address a common problem of narrowness or lack of diversity, shared by virtue ethics and the simulation theory of social cognition. Secondly, it also solves the ‘starting problem’ involved in the simulation approach. These discussions also relate directly to theories of empathy with special significance given to situational empathy.
15 Dec 2014
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that contemporary natural law theory provides a framework for formulating a caring political theory, and, alternatively, that care theory provided a foundation for justifying a form of natural law.
Abstract: Feminist care ethics have generally been considered too particular and situational to provide the basis for an institutional political theory. In recent years, however, a number of feminist authors have demonstrated care ethics' applicability to general moral and political problems. Yet they have not yet developed an institutionally based caring political theory. This article outlines such a theory by drawing upon contemporary natural law theory. It is argued that contemporary natural law theory provides a framework for formulating a caring political theory, and, alternatively, that care theory provides a foundation for justifying a form of natural law theory.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss not only the complexity of some difficult ethical issues but also the peculiar and reciprocal engagements that emerged during the research process carried out with Jimmy Sax, along with the ways in which we have attempted to deal with the ethics of research to avoid a reproduction of processes of Othering in the field of critical disability studies.
Abstract: In this article, we discuss not only the complexity of some difficult ethical issues but also the peculiar and reciprocal engagements that emerged during the research process carried out with Jimmy Sax, along with the ways in which we have attempted to deal with the ethics of research to avoid a reproduction of processes of Othering in the field of critical disability studies. In the existing body of qualitative research literature, an increasing number of researchers document their experience of the issue of situational and relational research ethics. However, since research evolves as an activity embedded in social, political, and historical contexts, we argue that qualitative researchers should also embrace sociopolitical research ethics. In that vein, inspired by poststructuralist (and) feminist philosophers, we identify and discuss two different conceptualizations of research ethics, referring to care for the other and care of the self.
TL;DR: In this article, the psychological and situational factors that stewardship theory points to as determinants in the construction of principal-steward relationships are more evident in family firms than in non-family firms.
Abstract: This work aims to determine whether family firms have differential characteristics that make them better incubators for ethical behavior from the perspective of stewardship theory. Results show that the psychological and situational factors that stewardship theory points to as determinants in the construction of principal–steward relationships are more evident in family firms than in non-family firms. These factors result in the behavior of owners and non-family employees becoming more ethical – with all the benefits this implies for these firms.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the impact of leader feedback on followers' knowledge-sharing behavior through a regulatory focus theory perspective, and they found that compared with leader's prevention feedback style and negative feedback valence, promotion style and positive feedback value inspire employee knowledge sharing behavior better.
Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of leader feedback on followers’ knowledge-sharing behavior through a regulatory focus theory perspective. Data were collected through an experiment with 129 college students. Results showed that compared with leader’s prevention feedback style and negative feedback valence, promotion style and positive feedback valence inspire employee knowledge-sharing behavior better. These two positive relationships are mediated by promotion situational regulatory focus. The negative relationship between prevention leader feedback style and knowledge sharing is mediated by prevention situational regulatory focus, while negative leader feedback valence has its negative effect on knowledge sharing directly.